[PPT] - Reading Agendas between the lines an exercise 3 0 A u g u s PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

Reading Agendas between the lines

an exercise

G i

v

a n n i S i l e n

(

g . s i l e n

@u

v a . n l ) , A l e x a n d e r B

e

r , T

m

v a n E n g e r s L e i b n i z C e n t e r f

r

L a w U n i v e r s i t y

f

A m s t e r d a m

3 A u g u s t 2 1 6

A

I 4 J Wo r k s h

p

/ E C A I 2 1 6 @ D e n H a a g

SLIDE 2

Problem context

SLIDE 3

s

c

i a l s y s t e m H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . .

SLIDE 4

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m Wh a t t h e l a w s t a t e s . . H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . .

SLIDE 5

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s Wh a t t h e l a w s t a t e s . . H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . . H

w

p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i

n

s i m p l e m e n t s t h e l a w . .

SLIDE 6

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s Wh a t t h e l a w s t a t e s . . H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . . H

w

p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i

n

s i m p l e m e n t s t h e l a w . .

a r e t h r e e m a t t e r s

n

l y l

s

e l y c

u

p l e d

SLIDE 7

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s

Focus on services/social system

Wh a t t h e l a w s t a t e s . . H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . . H

w

p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i

n

s i m p l e m e n t s t h e l a w . .

n
n
c
m

p l i a n c e

SLIDE 8

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s

Focus on services/social system

Wh a t t h e l a w s t a t e s . . H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . . H

w

p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i

n

s i m p l e m e n t s t h e l a w . .

n
n
c
m

p l i a n c e

SLIDE 9

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s

Focus on services/social system

Wh a t t h e l a w s t a t e s . . H

w

p e

p

l e b e h a v e . . H

w

p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i

n

s i m p l e m e n t s t h e l a w . .

n
n
c
m

p l i a n c e

n

e w u s e r r e q u i r e m e n t s

SLIDE 10

Diagnosis of social systems

SLIDE 11

Diagnosis

D

i a g n

s

i s s t a r t s f r

m

t h e p r e s u m p t i

n

t h a t a f a i l u r e

c

c u r r e d i n t h e s y s t e m .

B

u t w h a t c

u

n t s a s a f a i l u r e ?

SLIDE 12

Diagnosis of a designed artifact

I

n c a s e

f

a d e s i g n e d a r t i f a c t , w e k n

w

t h e f u n c t i

n
f

t h e s y s t e m , s

i

f d

e

s n

t

b e h a v e h

w

i t w a s s u p p

s

e d t

,

t h i s i s a f a i l u r e .

SLIDE 13

Diagnosis of a designed artifact

I

n c a s e

f

a d e s i g n e d a r t i f a c t , w e k n

w

t h e f u n c t i

n
f

t h e s y s t e m , s

i

f d

e

s n

t

b e h a v e h

w

i t w a s s u p p

s

e d t

,

t h i s i s a f a i l u r e .

SLIDE 14

Diagnosis of a designed artifact

I

n c a s e

f

a d e s i g n e d a r t i f a c t , w e k n

w

t h e f u n c t i

n
f

t h e s y s t e m , s

i

f d

e

s n

t

b e h a v e h

w

i t w a s s u p p

s

e d t

,

t h i s i s a f a i l u r e .

T

w

t

y p e s

f

f a i l u r e :

– o

p e r a t i

n

a l f a i l u r e

– b

a d d e s i g n

SLIDE 15

Consistency-based diagnosis

I

n c a s e

f

e l e c t r

n

i c c

m

p

n

e n t s , f

r

i n s t a n c e , m a n u f a c t u r e r s f u r n i s h t h e n

r

m a l b e h a v i

u

r

f

t h e i t e m .

SLIDE 16

Consistency-based diagnosis

I

n c a s e

f

e l e c t r

n

i c c

m

p

n

e n t s , f

r

i n s t a n c e , m a n u f a c t u r e r s f u r n i s h t h e n

r

m a l b e h a v i

u

r

f

t h e i t e m . f a i l u r e = i n c

n

s i s t e n c y w i t h n

m

i n a l s p e c i fj c a t i

n

s

SLIDE 17

Consistency-based diagnosis

I

n c a s e

f

e l e c t r

n

i c c

m

p

n

e n t s , f

r

i n s t a n c e , m a n u f a c t u r e r s f u r n i s h t h e n

r

m a l b e h a v i

u

r

f

t h e i t e m . f a i l u r e = i n c

n

s i s t e n c y w i t h n

m

i n a l s p e c i fj c a t i

n

s

U

s u a l d i a g n

s

t i c p r

b

l e m : r e c

g

n i z e t h e m i n i m a l s e t

f

c

m

p

n

e n t s t h a t p r

d

u c e s t h e i n c

n

s i s t e n c y

SLIDE 18

Consistency-based diagnosis

I

n c a s e

f

e l e c t r

n

i c c

m

p

n

e n t s , f

r

i n s t a n c e , m a n u f a c t u r e r s f u r n i s h t h e n

r

m a l b e h a v i

u

r

f

t h e i t e m . f a i l u r e = i n c

n

s i s t e n c y w i t h n

m

i n a l s p e c i fj c a t i

n

s

a :- not a.

I n A I t e r m s ~ d e f a u l t n e g a t i

n

i m p l i e s s t r

n

g n e g a t i

n

SLIDE 19

Abductive diagnosis

I

n

t

h e r d

m

a i n s , w e n a t u r a l l y c r e a t e m

d

e l s

f

f a u l t y b e h a v i

u

r , b e c a u s e t h e r e m a y b e n

n
p

a t h

l
g

i c a l c a s e s i n w h i c h t h i n g s d

n
t

g

a

s e x p e c t e d . i . e . n

t

a l l m i s a l i g n m e n t s t

t

h e n

r

m a r e f a i l u r e s .

SLIDE 20

Abductive diagnosis

I

n

t

h e r d

m

a i n s , w e n a t u r a l l y c r e a t e m

d

e l s

f

f a u l t y b e h a v i

u

r , b e c a u s e t h e r e m a y b e n

n
p

a t h

l
g

i c a l c a s e s i n w h i c h t h i n g s d

n
t

g

a

s e x p e c t e d . i . e . n

t

a l l m i s a l i g n m e n t s t

t

h e n

r

m a r e f a i l u r e s . f a i l u r e = c

n

s i s t e n c y w i t h e x p l i c i t l y f a u l t y m

d

e l I n A I t e r m s ~ d e f a u l t n e g a t i

n

i s d i fg e r e n t f r

m

s t r

n

g n e g a t i

n

SLIDE 21

Diagnosis of a social system

Wh

a t c

u

n t s a s a f a i l u r e i n a s

c

i a l s y s t e m ?

SLIDE 22

Diagnosis of a social system

Wh

a t c

u

n t s a s a f a i l u r e i n a s

c

i a l s y s t e m ?

A

w r

n

g s u p p

s

e d l y

c

c u r s w h e n t h e r e a r e u n m e t s

c

i a l e x p e c t a t i

n

s ( f

r

a t l e a s t

n

e

f

t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s )

SLIDE 23

Diagnosis of a social system

Wh

a t c

u

n t s a s a f a i l u r e i n a s

c

i a l s y s t e m ?

A

w r

n

g s u p p

s

e d l y

c

c u r s w h e n t h e r e a r e u n m e t s

c

i a l e x p e c t a t i

n

s ( f

r

a t l e a s t

n

e

f

t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s )

T

h e s e a r e s p e c i fj e d v i a n

r

m a t i v e d i r e c t i v e s : p r

h

i b i t i

n

s ,

b

l i g a t i

n

s , e t c .

– I

n p r i n c i p l e , a w r

n

g i s d e t e c t a b l e f r

m

t h e v i

l

a t i

n
f

n

r

m a t i v e d i r e c t i v e s .

SLIDE 24

Diagnosis of a social system

Wh

a t c

u

n t s a s a f a i l u r e i n a s

c

i a l s y s t e m ?

A

w r

n

g s u p p

s

e d l y

c

c u r s w h e n t h e r e a r e u n m e t s

c

i a l e x p e c t a t i

n

s ( f

r

a t l e a s t

n

e

f

t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s )

T

h e s e a r e s p e c i fj e d v i a n

r

m a t i v e d i r e c t i v e s : p r

h

i b i t i

n

s ,

b

l i g a t i

n

s , e t c .

– I

n p r i n c i p l e , a w r

n

g i s d e t e c t a b l e f r

m

t h e v i

l

a t i

n
f

n

r

m a t i v e d i r e c t i v e s . . b u t p r

c

e e d i n g “ l i t e r a l l y ” i s n

t

s u ffj c i e n t .

SLIDE 25

Types of failure

e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

SLIDE 26

Types of failure

e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

n
t

t

p

a y t a x e s ( s y n t a x i c , q u a l i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

SLIDE 27

Types of failure

e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

n
t

t

p

a y t a x e s ( s y n t a x i c , q u a l i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

p

a y a w r

n

g a m

u

n t i n r e s p e c t t

t

h e d e c l a r e d i n c

m

e ( s y n t a x i c , q u a n t i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

SLIDE 28

Types of failure

e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

n
t

t

p

a y t a x e s ( s y n t a x i c , q u a l i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

p

a y a w r

n

g a m

u

n t i n r e s p e c t t

t

h e d e c l a r e d i n c

m

e ( s y n t a x i c , q u a n t i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

p

a y t h e c

r

r e c t b u t n

t

t h e r i g h t a m

u

n t , b y u s i n g t a x e v a s i

n

s c h e m e s ( s e m a n t i c f a i l u r e )

SLIDE 29

Types of failure

e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

n
t

t

p

a y t a x e s ( s y n t a x i c , q u a l i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

p

a y a w r

n

g a m

u

n t i n r e s p e c t t

t

h e d e c l a r e d i n c

m

e ( s y n t a x i c , q u a n t i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

p

a y t h e c

r

r e c t b u t n

t

t h e r i g h t a m

u

n t , b y u s i n g t a x e v a s i

n

s c h e m e s ( s e m a n t i c f a i l u r e )

T h e “ s e m a n t i c ” f a i l u r e i s t h e m

s

t d i ffjc u l t t

b

e c a t c h e d !

SLIDE 30

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w l e g a l n

r

m s

Sources of knowledge

SLIDE 31

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s e r v i c e s l e g a l n

r

m s b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Sources of knowledge

SLIDE 32

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s e r v i c e s l e g a l n

r

m s b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Sources of knowledge

U s u a l f

c

u s

f

c

m

p l i a n c e

c

h e c k i n g m e t h

d

s

SLIDE 33

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s e r v i c e s l e g a l n

r

m s b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Sources of knowledge

U s u a l f

c

u s

f

c

m

p l i a n c e

c

h e c k i n g m e t h

d

s . . b u t n

t

a d e q u a t e t

c

a p t u r e t h e s

c

i a l s e m a n t i c s

SLIDE 34

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s s t

r

i e s , e x p e r i e n c e s l e g a l n

r

m s , c a s e s b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Sources of knowledge

SLIDE 35

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s s t

r

i e s , e x p e r i e n c e s l e g a l n

r

m s , c a s e s b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Sources of knowledge

Wh i c h r e p r e s e n t a t i

n

a l g r

u

n d s h

u

l d w e c

n

s i d e r ?

SLIDE 36

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s

a g e n t

r
l

e s

s t

r

i e s , e x p e r i e n c e s l e g a l n

r

m s , c a s e s

a g e n t

r
l

e m

d

e l s

b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Integrating model: agent-role

SLIDE 37

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s

a g e n t

r
l

e s

s t

r

i e s , e x p e r i e n c e s l e g a l n

r

m s , c a s e s

a g e n t

r
l

e m

d

e l s

b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Integrating model: agent-role

a g e n t

r
l

e = c

r

d i n a t i

n
f

r

l

e s ( s c r i p t + t

p
l
g

y )

SLIDE 38

s

u

r c e s

f

l a w s

c

i a l s y s t e m s e r v i c e s

a g e n t

r
l

e s

s t

r

i e s , e x p e r i e n c e s l e g a l n

r

m s , c a s e s

a g e n t

r
l

e m

d

e l s

b u s i n e s s p r

c

e s s m

d

e l s

Integrating model: agent-role

a g e n t

r
l

e = c

r

d i n a t i

n
f

r

l

e s ( s c r i p t + t

p
l
g

y )

N B : t h e m

d

e l a b s t r a c t s t h e i n d i v i d u a l s

SLIDE 39

An exercise of application

SLIDE 40

Domain: Real-estate transactions

SLIDE 41

Normal sale

R e a l e s t a t e A , w

r

t h 5 . €

SLIDE 42

Normal sale

R e a l e s t a t e A , w

r

t h 5 . € Wi t h 6 % t r a n s f e r t a x , i f s

l

d 3 . € t a x e s

SLIDE 43

Hidden payment scenario

X w a n t s t

g

i v e t

Y

3 . € . X s e l l s R e a l e s t a t e A ( w

r

t h 5 . € ) f

r

2 . € t

Y

w i t h 6 % t r a n s f e r t a x , 1 . € . ( t a x e s f

r

a d i r e c t t r a n s f e r w

u

l d b e h i g h e r )

SLIDE 44

Swap-scheme scenario

O w n e r : X . R e a l e s t a t e A , w

r

t h 1 . . € O w n e r : Y . R e a l e s t a t e B , w

r

t h 1 . . € X w a n t s B , Y w a n t s A . 6 % t r a n s f e r t a x : i f s

l

d , 1 . 2 . € ( t

t

a l )

SLIDE 45

Swap-scheme scenario

O w n e r : X . R e a l e s t a t e A , w

r

t h 1 . . € O w n e r : Y . R e a l e s t a t e B , w

r

t h 1 . . € X w a n t s B , Y w a n t s A . “ Wh y d

n

' t w e d e c r e a s e t h e n

m

i n a l p r i c e ? “

SLIDE 46

Swap-scheme scenario

O w n e r : X . R e a l e s t a t e A , s

l

d f

r

5 . . € O w n e r : Y . R e a l e s t a t e B , s

l

d f

r

5 . . € X w a n t s B , Y w a n t s A . 6 % t r a n s f e r t a x : 6 . € ( t

t

a l )

SLIDE 47

Swap-scheme topology

SLIDE 48

Swap-scheme topology

i n t e r n a l t

p
l
g

i e s – i n t e n t i

n

a l c

r

d i n a t i

n

SLIDE 49

Swap-scheme topology

i n t e r n a l t

p
l
g

i e s – i n t e n t i

n

a l c

r

d i n a t i

n

b a s e f

r

c

n

c e n t r a t i

n
f

i n t e r e s t s ( c

m

p a n y , f a m i l y , e t c . )

SLIDE 50

Swap-scheme topology

e x t e r n a l t

p
l
g

y – s c e n a r i

c
r

d i n a t i

n

SLIDE 51

Swap-scheme topology

e x t e r n a l t

p
l
g

y – s c e n a r i

c
r

d i n a t i

n

T h i s m a y b e c

n

t i n g e n t . . .

SLIDE 52

Monitoring and diagnosis

SLIDE 53

Taking the diagnoser view

b

u

n d e d p e r c e p t i

n
S

a l e d e c l a r a t i

n

s

S

a l e p a y m e n t s

SLIDE 54

Monitoring and diagnosis

T

h e

b

s e r v a t i

n

a b i l i t i e s

f

t h e d i a g n

s

e r a r e n e c e s s a r i l y l i m i t e d .

C
g

n i t i v e r e s

u

r c e s f

r

r e a s

n

i n g a r e a l s

l

i m i t e d . I t d

e

s n

t

m a k e s e n s e t

i

n t e r p r e t a l l t h e d a t a .

SLIDE 55

Monitoring and diagnosis

We

c

n

s i d e r a n a r c h i t e c t u r e a ffj n e t

t

h e D u a l P r

c

e s s t h e

r

y

f

r e a s

n

i n g :

– m

n

i t

r

i n g ( f a s t , r e a c t i v e ) f

r

s e l e c t i n g s u s p i c i

u

s c a s e s

– d

i a g n

s

i s ( s l

w

, r e fm e c t i v e ) f

r

i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e m .

SLIDE 56

Monitoring

M

n

i t

r

i n g fj l t e r s c a n b e c

n

s t r u c t e d b y c

n

s t r a s t

f

n

r

m a l c a s e s w i t h a b n

r

m a l

n

e s . e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

n
t

t

p

a y t a x e s ( s y n t a x i c , q u a l i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

– U

s e a t i m e

u

t r u l e , a s y n c h r

n
u

s c h e c k

SLIDE 57

Monitoring

M

n

i t

r

i n g fj l t e r s c a n b e c

n

s t r u c t e d b y c

n

s t r a s t

f

n

r

m a l c a s e s w i t h a b n

r

m a l

n

e s . e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

n
t

t

p

a y t a x e s ( s y n t a x i c , q u a l i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

– U

s e a t i m e

u

t r u l e , a s y n c h r

n
u

s c h e c k

p

a y a w r

n

g a m

u

n t i n r e s p e c t t

t

h e d e c l a r e d i n c

m

e ( s y n t a x i c , q u a n t i t a t i v e f a i l u r e )

– U

s e a n

p

e r a t i

n

a l r u l e , s y n c h r

n
u

s c h e c k

SLIDE 58

Monitoring

M

n

i t

r

i n g fj l t e r s c a n b e c

n

s t r u c t e d b y c

n

s t r a s t

f

n

r

m a l c a s e s w i t h a b n

r

m a l

n

e s . e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

p

a y t h e c

r

r e c t b u t n

t

t h e r i g h t a m

u

n t , b y u s i n g t a x e v a s i

n

s c h e m e s ( s e m a n t i c f a i l u r e )

– c

n

t r a s t d e t e r m i n e s t h r e s h

l

d c

n

d i t i

n

s

SLIDE 59

Monitoring

M

n

i t

r

i n g fj l t e r s c a n b e c

n

s t r u c t e d b y c

n

s t r a s t

f

n

r

m a l c a s e s w i t h a b n

r

m a l

n

e s . e . g . d u t y t

p

a y t a x e s

p

a y t h e c

r

r e c t b u t n

t

t h e r i g h t a m

u

n t , b y u s i n g t a x e v a s i

n

s c h e m e s ( s e m a n t i c f a i l u r e )

– c

n

t r a s t d e t e r m i n e s t h r e s h

l

d c

n

d i t i

n

s

I n

u

r c a s e , a d e q u a t e t h r e s h

l

d s a r e d e c i d e d u p

n

a v e r a g e m a r k e t p r i c e .

SLIDE 60

Selection rule in Prolog

suspiciousPrice(Price, Estate, Time) :- marketPrice(MarketPrice, Estate, Time), Price =< (MarketPrice * 60)/100. suspiciousSale(Seller, Buyer, Estate, Price, Time) :- declaration(sale(Seller, Buyer, Estate, Price, Time)), suspiciousPrice(Price, Estate, Time).

S u p p

s

e t h e t h r e s h

l

d i s p l a c e d a t

4

%

f

m a r k e t p r i c e ( e . g . a f t e r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s ) :

SLIDE 61

Diagnosis (main action)

ActionEvidenceOfSwap( sale(Seller1, Buyer1, EstateA, PriceA, T1), sale(Seller2, Buyer2, EstateB, PriceB, T2) ) :- suspiciousSale(Seller1, Buyer1, EstateA, PriceA, T1), suspiciousSale(Seller2, Buyer2, EstateB, PriceB, T2), not(EstateA = EstateB), not(Seller1 = Seller2), not(Buyer1 = Buyer2).

A t t h i s p

i

n t , w e c h e c k i f s u s p i c i

u

s s a l e s a r e c

n

s i s t e n t w i t h a s w a p

s

c h e m e a g e n t

r
l

e :

SLIDE 62

Diagnosis (additional evidence)

actionAndCircumstantialEvidenceOfSwap( sale(Seller1, Buyer1, EstateA, PriceA, T1), sale(Seller2, Buyer2, EstateB, PriceB, T2) ) :- actionEvidenceOfSwap(sale(Seller1, Buyer1, EstateA, PriceA, T1), sale(Seller2, Buyer2, EstateB, PriceB, T2)), relatedTo(Seller1, SharedStructure1), relatedTo(Buyer2, SharedStructure1), relatedTo(Seller2, SharedStructure2), relatedTo(Buyer1, SharedStructure2).

. . a n d w h e n s u s p i c i

u

s c

r

d i n a t e d b e h a v i

u

r i s f

u

n d , w e l

k

f

r

c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e a b

u

t s t r u c t u r e s

f

c

n

c e n t r a t i

n
f

i n t e r e s t s :

SLIDE 63

Swap-scheme generalization

T

h r

u

g h c

m

p u t a t i

n

a l m e a n s , w e c a n e a s i l y g e n e r a l i z e t h e i n v e s t i g a t i

n

t

n
s

t e p s s w a p s (

b

f u s c a s t i n g t r a c e s

f

c

r

d i n a t i

n

) . … t h i s i n c l u d e s t h e “ h i d d e n p a y m e n t ” s c e n a r i

!

SLIDE 64

Conclusion

SLIDE 65

Conclusion

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

SLIDE 66

Conclusion

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– T

h e m

s

t i m p

r

t a n t m e s s a g e i s t h a t . . .

SLIDE 67

Conclusion

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– T

h e m

s

t i m p

r

t a n t m e s s a g e i s t h a t . . .

a g e n c y t r a s c e n d s i n d i v i d u a l s .

SLIDE 68

Conclusion

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– T

h e m

s

t i m p

r

t a n t m e s s a g e i s t h a t . . .

a g e n c y t r a s c e n d s i n d i v i d u a l s .

. . a n d w e r e q u i r e a b s t r a c t i

n

s l i k e a g e n t

r
l

e s t

p

a s s t

h

i g h e r

l

e v e l i n t e r p r e t a t i

n

.

SLIDE 69

Further developments

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– P

r

l
g

c

n

fm a t e s s t r

n

g n e g a t i

n

w i t h d e f a u l t n e g a t i

n

. Wh a t i f s

m

e i n f

r

m a t i

n

i s s i m p l y u n a v a i l a b l e ? O t h e r a p p r

a

c h e s ( E B A ) w

u

l d b e m

r

e a p p r

p

r i a t e .

SLIDE 70

Further developments

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– P

r

l
g

c

n

fm a t e s s t r

n

g n e g a t i

n

w i t h d e f a u l t n e g a t i

n

. Wh a t i f s

m

e i n f

r

m a t i

n

i s s i m p l y u n a v a i l a b l e ? O t h e r a p p r

a

c h e s ( E B A ) w

u

l d b e m

r

e a p p r

p

r i a t e .

– S

c e n a r i

s

s h

u

l d b e c

l

l e c t e d i n a n a d e q u a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i

n

f

r

t h e m

d

e l e r t a k i n g c a u s a t i

n

i n t

a

c c

u

n t . We s u g g e s t e d a n e x t e n s i

n

t

P

e t r i n e t s , w i t h n

r

m a t i v e a n d a g e n t i v e p

s

i t i

n

s .

SLIDE 71

Further developments

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– F

r

t h e a c q u i s i t i

n

, i n p r e v i

u

s w

r

k w e p r

p
s

e d a n i n t e c r e m e n t a l m e t h

d

, s t a r t i n g f r

m

U M L

d

i a g r a m s ( s i m i l a r l y t

r

e q u i r e m e n t e n g i n e e r i n g p r a c t i c e s )

SLIDE 72

Further developments

T

h i s e x e r c i s e s h

w

e d a s i m p l i fj e d a p p l i c a t i

n
f

a m

r

e g e n e r a l f r a m e w

r

k

– F

r

t h e a c q u i s i t i

n

, i n p r e v i

u

s w

r

k w e p r

p
s

e d a n i n t e c r e m e n t a l m e t h

d

, s t a r t i n g f r

m

U M L

d

i a g r a m s ( s i m i l a r l y t

r

e q u i r e m e n t e n g i n e e r i n g p r a c t i c e s )

– A

b

u

t c

m

p u t a t i

n

a l c

m

p l e x i t y , e x i s t i n g d e c

m

p

s

i t i

n

t e c h n i q u e s c

u

l d b e u s e d i n p r i n c i p l e t

c
m

p i l e t h e d a t a b a s e

f

s c e n a r i

s
ffmi

n e , a n d f

r

r e a l t i m e e x p l

i

t a t i

n