Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Child Racial and Ethnic - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Child Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Child W lf S t W lf S t Welfare System: Welfare System:

New York City Compared to Rest of State (Outside of New York City Compared to Rest of State (Outside of NYC) 2009 Compared to 2010 and Comparison of NYC) 2009 Compared to 2010 and Comparison of NYC), 2009 Compared to 2010 and Comparison of NYC), 2009 Compared to 2010 and Comparison of Selected Counties Selected Counties

Vajeera Dorabawila, Ph.D. Bureau of Evaluation and Research July 13, 2011

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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I t d ti I t d ti Introduction Introduction

DMR Indicators with DMR Indicators with

• 2010 data.
• Comparing changes from 2009 to 2010.

Comparing changes from 2009 to 2010.

Including of changes for Native American children.

• Comparison of changes for selected counties,

ti l l i f t d i i d i f t particularly in foster care admissions and in foster care.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Measures Measures

Disproportionality Disproportionality Rate per 1 000 in population Rate per 1,000 in population Disparity Rate Disparity Rate

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Di ti lit Di ti lit Disproportionality Disproportionality

Disproportionality exists when a group Disproportionality exists when a group makes up a proportion of those experiencing some event (SCR report or foster care placement) that is higher or lower than that placement) that is higher or lower than that group’s proportion in the population For example: Is the proportion of black children placed in foster care greater than expected given black children’s presence in p g p the overall population? NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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3 6% 7.6% 0.0% 12.6% 8.5% 11.5%

100%

New York City: New York City: Children <18 Years Children <18 Years Race/Ethnic Distribution of Children in Child Welfare System, 2010 Race/Ethnic Distribution of Children in Child Welfare System, 2010

32.0% 38.7% 29.0% 27.5% 40.4%

0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 12.5% 3.6% 4.0% 8.5% 7.2%

60% 80%

Unknown Other

28.2% 46 6% 53.8% 41 5% 38 7%

40% 60%

Native/Alaska Hispanic Black

27.0% 7.1% 6.0% 3.3% 3.8% 46.6% 41.5% 38.7%

0% 20%

Child P l ti U i Child i U i Child i U i Child U i Child I

White

Child Population (n=1,973,112) Unique Children in SCR Reports (n=75,016) Unique Children in Indicated Reports (n=32,617) Unique Children Entering Foster Care (n=6,449) Unique Children In Care (n=12,949)

Unknown 8,594 2,779 813 980 Other 246,148 3,026 1,162 547 930 Native/Alaska 6,823 18 7 7 16 Hispanic 631,524 29,022 13,163 1,867 3,565 Black 556,605 29,041 13,546 3,004 6,963

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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White 532,012 5,315 1,960 211 495

3.7% 7.4% 8.5% 1.2% 0.0% 1.9% 10.7% 13.0%

100%

Rest of Rest of State: Children <18 Years State: Children <18 Years Race/Ethnic Distribution of Children in Child Welfare System, 2010 Race/Ethnic Distribution of Children in Child Welfare System, 2010

11.2% 28.5% 30.4% 11.5% 12.1% 10.1% 9.2% 16.5% 16.9% 12.5%

0.8% 0.9% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 3.7% 5.6% 5.0%

60% 80%

Unknown Other

73.2% 52 7% 54 1% 51 3% 16.9%

40% 60%

Native/Other Hispanic Black

52.7% 54.1% 51.3% 49.8%

0% 20%

Child P l ti U i Child i U i Child i U i Child U i Child I

White

Child Population (n=2,489,326) Unique Children in SCR Reports (n=142,529) Unique Children in Indicated Reports (n=43,296) Unique Children Entering Foster Care (n=4,959) Unique Children In Care (n=7,580)

Unknown 18,469 4,653 95 93 Oth 92 637 7 062 2 426 365 644 Other 92,637 7,062 2,426 365 644 Native/Alaska 10,156 560 187 44 62 Hispanic 285,705 17,181 5,421 500 696 Black 279,068 24,149 7,165 1,411 2,307

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

White 1821,760 75,108 23,434 2,544 3,778

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Black Children are Overrepresented at All Black Children are Overrepresented at All Stages of the Child Welfare System Stages of the Child Welfare System Stages of the Child Welfare System Stages of the Child Welfare System

In both NYC and rest of state, black children make up a substantially higher percentage p y g p g

• f the child welfare population at each stage

in the process than their share of the general population of children under 18 general population of children under 18. The overrepresentation of black children increases steadily with progression through increases steadily with progression through the child welfare system, from SCR report to foster care placement.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Use of Percentage Distribution Use of Percentage Distribution Only Only Can Can be Misleading be Misleading be Misleading be Misleading

For example for ROS 2010: The percent of black children increased from 11.2% in the % child population to 30.4% for children in care. As a result, share of the “pie” for those other than black is smaller at the in care stage than black is smaller at the in care stage. Proportion Hispanic children is an example of

• po t o

spa c c d e s a e a p e o a category impact. C t th d t l diff t Creates the need to use several different indicators as is in this presentation. NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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“Unknown” Race/Ethnicity “Unknown” Race/Ethnicity

For both NYC and ROS proportion of SCR For both NYC and ROS proportion of SCR reports and indicated reports with “unknown” race/ethnicity remains high in both years. y g y In rest of state the proportion with “unknown” race/ethnicity for admissions and in care ti t d continues to decrease.

• Important in comparing changes, particularly in examining changes

for Native American children.

In NYC, “unknown” proportion for admissions and in care has increased. NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Rate per 1,000 in Population Rate per 1,000 in Population Rate per 1,000 in Population Rate per 1,000 in Population

The rate per 1,000 is an indicator of how many children from each specific racial/ethnic group children from each specific racial/ethnic group have contact with the child welfare system (at various decision points) compared to their various decision points) compared to their representation in the general population.

Black Admission Rate per, 1,000 in ROS 2010

Black Children ROS

1,411 279,068 = 5.056

Population<18 279,068 Admissions<18 1,411

X 1000

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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New York City: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Reported New York City: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Reported to SCR, and Indicated for Abuse/Neglect Per 1,000 Children < 18 in to SCR, and Indicated for Abuse/Neglect Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population Population p

54.1 45.4 52.2 46.0

50 60 en <18 in 2009 (SCR Reports n=76,146; Indicated Reports n=33,598)

25.3 21 0 24.3

30 40 1,000 Childre Population 2010 (SCR Reports n=75,016; Indicated Reports n=32,617)

3.3 10.2 21.0 1 0 3.7 2.6 10.0 20.8 1 0 3.7

10 20 Rate per

1.0 1.0

Black Hispanic Native/Al White Black Hispanic Native/Al White

Indications

Reports

• The change in rate of children (per 1,000 children) reported and indicated from 2009

to 2010, if any, has been a decrease. The only exception, if any, is Hispanic children with a nominal increase in rate per 1,000 for reports.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

p , p

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Rest of State: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Reported to Rest of State: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Reported to SCR, and Indicated for Abuse/Neglect Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population SCR, and Indicated for Abuse/Neglect Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population

82.8 86.5

70 80 90 100

dren <18 in n 2009 (SCR Reports n=136,573; Indicated Reports n=42 721)

55.6 54.8 39.7 60.1 55.1 41.2

40 50 60 70

per 1,000 Child Population Reports n=42,721) 2010 (SCR Reports n=142,529; Indicated Reports n=43,296)

27.5 19.2 19.0 12.3 25.7 19.0 18.4 12.9

10 20 30

Rate p

Black Hispanic Native/Al White Black Hispanic Native/Al White

Indicated Reports Reports

f ( ) f f

• In this period, rate of children (per 1,000 children) reported increased slightly for all four groups.
• There was a slight decrease for black, Hispanic and Native American children and a slight

increase for white children (per 1,000) indicated during this period. O ll d i h f h

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

• Overall trends is that of no change.

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New York City: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Entering New York City: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Entering Foster Care, and In Care Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population Foster Care, and In Care Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population

13.9 12.5

12 14 16 dren <18 in n 2009 (Foster Care Entries n=6,705 ; In Care n=13,777)

6.3 6.1 5.4 5.6

6 8 10 per 1,000 Child Population 2010 (Foster Care Entries n=6,449 ; In Care n=12,949)

3.2 1.2 0.5 1.8 1.1 3.0 1.0 0.4 2.3 0.9

2 4 Rate p

Black Hispanic Native/Al White Black Hispanic Native/Al White

In Care

Foster Care Entries

• In this period, rate of children (per 1,000 children) entering foster care and in care decreased

slightly for all four groups of children. The decrease (in % terms) was higher for black, Native American and white children.

• There was an increase for in care rate per 1,000 for Native American children (number of Native

American children in NYC is very small) It was a decrease for the other three groups

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

American children in NYC is very small). It was a decrease for the other three groups.

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Rest of State: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Entering Rest of State: Changes from 2009 to 2010 in Rate of Children Entering Foster Care, and In Care Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population Foster Care, and In Care Per 1,000 Children < 18 in Population

9 1

10 n 2009 (Foster Care Entries n=5 126 ;

5 5 9.1 8.3 6.1

6 7 8 9 Children <18 in ation 2009 (Foster Care Entries n=5,126 ; In Care n=8,170) 2010 (Foster Care Entries n=4,959 ; In Care n=7,580)

5.5 4.2 2.6 4.1 2.2 5.1 4.3 2.4 2.1

3 4 5 6 ate per 1,000 C Popula

1.8 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.1

1 2

Black Hispanic Native/Al White Black Hispanic Native/Al White

Ra

In Care

Foster Care Entries

• Foster care entry rates did not change during this period, if anything there was a slight decrease for

black children and a slight increase for Native and white children.

• Rate of children in care decreased for three groups, white it increased for Native American children.

The decrease was higher (in % terms comparing 2009 to 2010) for black children. The increase for Native American children was about 50%, however, maybe due to decrease in “unknown” race/ethnicity than a real increase.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

y

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Rate of Children Reported to SCR, Indicated for Rate of Children Reported to SCR, Indicated for Abuse/Neglect, Entering Foster Care, and In Care Per Abuse/Neglect, Entering Foster Care, and In Care Per 1 000 Children < 18 in Population 1 000 Children < 18 in Population 1,000 Children < 18 in Population 1,000 Children < 18 in Population In both NYC and rest of state, as measured by rate per 1 000 children in population black children are more 1,000 children in population, black children are more likely than Hispanic children, and Hispanic children are more likely than white children, to be reported to SCR, i di t d f b / l t t f t d i indicated for abuse/neglect, enter foster care, and in care. Native American rate per 1,000 is lower than that for black children. Differences between Native American, Hispanic and white children varies by location and indicator.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Di it R t Di it R t Disparity Rate Disparity Rate

Compares a minority group to the Compares a minority group to the majority group For example: How much more likely are black children to enter to foster care black children to enter to foster care relative to white children?

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Disparity Rate Disparity Rate

Di i i h i f 1000 h Disparity rate is the ratio of rate per 1000, at each stage of the child welfare system, for black children (or Hispanic children) relative to the rate children (or Hispanic children) relative to the rate for white children.

Black Disparity Rate in ROS

Race/ Ethnicity Foster Care Entry Rate per 1,000

Black Disparity Rate in ROS 2010

5.0561 1 3965 = 3.62

Children in ROS 2010 Black 5 0561

1.3965

Black 5.0561 White 1.3965

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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New York City vs. Rest of State 2010: Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic New York City vs. Rest of State 2010: Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic and Native American Children ( and Native American Children (vs vs Whites) Whites)

16

13.6 13.4

10 12 14 16 Children <18 in ation NYC Rest of State

5.2 4.6 6.6 5.7 7.5 6.1 3.6 3 1 4.0

4 6 8 10 Rate per 1,000 C Popula

0.3 0.3 2.6 2.5 2.1 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 3.1 1.2 2.9

2 4

Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al

R

In Care Foster Care Entries Indicated Reports SCR Reports

• At each of the decision points, disparity rates for NYC are substantially higher than that for

ROS.

• The difference between NYC and ROS is higher deeper in the child welfare system.
• For both NYC and ROS, disparity rates at the foster care stage is substantially higher than at

the indication stage for black children.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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New York City: Changes in Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic and New York City: Changes in Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic and Native American Children ( Native American Children (vs vs Whites) Whites)

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13.6 13.1 13.6 13.4

12 14 16 ildren <18 in

• n

2009 2010

5.3 4 5 6.8 5.6 6.8 5.8 5.2 4 6 6.6 5.7 7.5 6.1

6 8 10 per 1,000 Ch Populati

2010

4.5 0.3 0.3 2.6 1.7 4.6 0.3 0.3 2.6 2.5

2 4 Rate p

Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al

In Care Foster Care Entries Indicated Reports SCR Reports

• There has been no change (or very little) in disparity rates during this period The only
• There has been no change (or very little) in disparity rates during this period. The only

exceptions are Hispanic and Native American.

• Slight increase for Hispanic children.

I f N ti A i hild f i

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

• Increase for Native American children for in care.

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New York City: Disparity Rates for Black, New York City: Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic & Native American Children ( Hispanic & Native American Children (vs vs Whites) Whites) p ( p ( )

In NYC, in 2010, relative to white children, black children are 5.2 times as likely to be reported to SCR, 6.6 times as likely to b i di t d 13 6 ti lik l t b d itt d t f t d be indicated, 13.6 times likely to be admitted to foster care and 13.4 times as likely to be in care.

At each of the decision points, disparity rates for black children are higher than that for Hispanic children, that for Hispanic children are higher than that for Native American children. This is true for both years. Native American disparity rates at the report stage is less than 1 p y p g indicating higher rates for white children.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Rest of State: Changes in Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic and Native Rest of State: Changes in Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic and Native American Children ( American Children (vs vs Whites) Whites)

4 2 4 2

4.5

4.2 3.2 4.2 3.6 3.1 4.0 2.9

3 3.5 4 4.5 Children <18 in ation 2009 2010

2.1 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2

1 1.5 2 2.5 Rate per 1,000 C Popula 0.5

Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al Black Hispanic Native/Al

R

In Care Foster Care Entries Indicated Reports SCR Reports In Care Foster Care Entries Indicated Reports SCR Reports

• Report disparity remained the same for black children, and increased slightly for Hispanic

children and decreased for Native American children. F ll th th i li ht d i i di ti d d i i di it t Th

• For all three groups, there is a slight decrease in indication and admission disparity rates. The

exception of that for black children, who experienced a large decrease.

• In care disparity decreased slightly for black children, remained the same for Hispanic children

and increased substantially for Native American children (due to reduction in “unknown”)

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

and increased substantially for Native American children (due to reduction in unknown ).

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Rest of State: Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic Rest of State: Disparity Rates for Black, Hispanic & Native American Children ( & Native American Children (vs vs Whites) Whites) ( )

2010: In ROS, relative to white children, black children are 2.1 times as likely to be reported to SCR, 2.0 times as likely to be indicated, 3.6 times likely to be admitted to foster care and 4 0 times as likely to be times likely to be admitted to foster care and 4.0 times as likely to be in care. Disparity rates for black children are higher than that for Hispanic and Disparity rates for black children are higher than that for Hispanic and Native American children at each of the decision points. N ti A i di it t l th th t f Hi i Native American disparity rates are lower than that for Hispanic children for reports and indications and higher for foster care entries and in care.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Conclusion: Changes from 2009 to Conclusion: Changes from 2009 to 2010 2010 2010 2010

In NYC, generally there has been no change in disparity rates. p y In ROS, if anything there has been a slight decrease in disparity, rates, particularly for black foster care entries. Only exception is an increase y p in in-care disparity rates for Native American children.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Conclusion: Both Years, NYC Conclusion: Both Years, NYC and Rest of State and Rest of State and Rest of State and Rest of State

Black, Hispanic and Native American children have higher rates of involvement in each stage g g

• f the child welfare system than white children.

The only exception is disparity rates for Native American children at the report and indication American children at the report and indication stages for NYC. Disparity rates are more pronounced for black children than for Hispanic children children than for Hispanic children. For black children, disparity rates at the foster care stage are substantially higher than at the g y g investigation stage of the system. NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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Comparison of Selected Comparison of Selected Counties Counties

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

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SCR Report Disparity Rates for Black Children: Changes SCR Report Disparity Rates for Black Children: Changes for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010 for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010

Nassau 15% te

• Counties above the solid horizontal line

indicate counties where the decline was less than that for rest of state

• f State

Albany estchester 5% 10% rt Disparity Ra

than that for rest of state.

• Rest of state disparity rates increased by close to

1% (almost no change)

• Albany, Nassau and Westchester experienced

increases in disparity rates higher than rest of

Rest o A rie We 0% in SCR Repor

increases in disparity rates higher than rest of state.

• Counties below the solid line are those with

changes that were positive (increases < 1% or decreases) compared to rest of state

Er Monroe Suffolk New York City

• 5%

rcent Change

decreases) compared to rest of state

• Erie, Monroe, Onondaga, Suffolk and NYC

experienced decreases in SCR report disparity rates.

• These counties experienced decreases in comparison with

M nondaga N

• 15%
• 10%

Per p p almost no change for rest of state.

• However, there were 16 other counties that

experienced a decrease.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

O

26

Indicated SCR Report Disparity Rates for Black Children: Indicated SCR Report Disparity Rates for Black Children: Changes for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010 Changes for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010 g

Nassau Suffolk 50% 60% Rate

• Counties above the solid horizontal line

indicate counties where the decline was less than that for rest of state or had an

e chester York City 30% 40% port Disparity R

increase.

• Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Suffolk,

Westchester and New York City had increases in disparity rates.

any ie Monroe Onondaga Westc New Y 10% 20% Indicated Rep

• Counties below the solid line are those

with declines that were higher than that for rest of state

• There was a 9% decrease (2.2 to 2.0) in

e Alba Eri

• 10%

0% ent Change in

• There was a 9% decrease (2.2 to 2.0) in

disparity rates for rest of state.

• Albany and Erie had decreases that were

higher than that for rest of state.

• While these counties contributed to the

Rest of State

• 30%
• 20%

Perce

decrease, they were not the only source

• Only 2 of these counties experienced

decreases higher than rest of state. Others experienced increases.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

• There were 14 other counties with decreases

.higher than rest of state.

27

Foster Care Admission Disparity Rates for Black Children: Foster Care Admission Disparity Rates for Black Children: Changes for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010 Changes for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010

Albany 40% 50% isparity

• Counties above the solid horizontal line indicate

counties where the decline was less than that for rest of state.

• Erie and Suffolk experienced declines but were less

au 30% Admission D

• Erie, and Suffolk experienced declines, but were less

than that for rest of state.

• Monroe and NYC disparity rates remained the same.
• Albany and Nassau experienced increases in disparity

rates.

• f State
• e

Nassa daga

• lk

tchester York City 10% 20% n Foster Care Rate

• Counties below the solid line are those with

declines that were higher than that for rest of state

• Westchester was the only county in this sample with a

decline in disparity rate, that was higher than that for rest

Rest o Erie Monr Onond Suffo West New Y 0% cent Change i

decline in disparity rate, that was higher than that for rest

• f state. Disparity rate for rest of state decreased by 14%

(4.2 to 3.6) while that for Westchester decreased by 17%, although rate itself remains high.

• Onondaga decline was about the same and Suffolk

E

• 20%
• 10%

Perc

experienced a decline close to rest of state.

• These counties have contributed to the decrease,

but was not the only source. i.e. there were 5 other counties that experienced decreases higher than

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

14%.

28

In Foster Care Disparity Rates for Black Children: Changes In Foster Care Disparity Rates for Black Children: Changes for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010 for Selected Counties from 2009 to 2010

Albany a 15% 20%

• Counties above the horizontal line indicate

counties where the decline was less than that for rest of state or had an increase.

e Onondaga w York City 10% 15%

• Erie, Monroe, Onondaga, and Suffolk experienced

declines, but were less than that for rest of state.

• Albany, Onondaga and New York City experienced

increases in disparity rates.

Erie Monroe New 0% 5%

• Counties below the solid line are those with

declines that were higher than that for rest of state

• Nassau and Westchester experienced declines

est of State Suffolk

• 10%
• 5%

higher than that for rest of state. Disparity rate for rest of state decreased by 5% (4.2 to 4) while that for Nassau and Westchester decreased by 18% and 13% respectively. Erie, Monroe and Suffolk experienced decreases close to rest of state

Re Nassau Westchester

• 20%
• 15%

experienced decreases close to rest of state.

• It is most likely these counties contributed to

the decrease in rest of state. Additionally, there were 3 other counties that experienced decreases higher than rest of state

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

decreases higher than rest of state.

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Comparison of Disparity Rate Changes for Comparison of Disparity Rate Changes for Black Children from 2009 to 2010: Selected Black Children from 2009 to 2010: Selected Counties vs. Rest of State Counties vs. Rest of State

• In SCR report disparity rate changes, selected counties

examined (Erie, Monroe, Onondaga, Suffolk and New York City) experienced decreases while that for rest of state was no change. However, there were many other counties that had declines.

• In indication disparity rate changes, counties examined were

not contributing to positive change in general.

• Only 2 of the counties examined had decreases, while 14 other counties

not examined had decreases.

• In foster care admissions and in care, the counties examined

may have contributed to a decrease in overall rates. However, th t th l f d li they were not the only source of decline.

• In all 4 decision points there were counties that had increases

in disparity rates.

NYS Office of Children & Family Services NYS Office of Children & Family Services

30