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❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ ❚❤❡ ❊✈❛♣♦r❛t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ P✐❡rr❡ ❘❊❙❈❖▼ ✷✵✶✼ s✉♠♠❡r s❝❤♦♦❧ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵t❤ ✷✵✶✼ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶ ✴ ✸✺

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✷ ✴ ✸✺

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ✴ ✸✺

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✹ ✴ ✸✺

❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s Application Middleware OS Machine Traditional architecture ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✺ ✴ ✸✺

❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s Application Middleware OS Machine Traditional architecture ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✺ ✴ ✸✺

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ Demand Compute capacity Time ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ Demand Necessary capacity Compute capacity Time ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ Demand Necessary capacity Compute capacity Unused capacity Time ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ Demand Necessary capacity Compute capacity Unused capacity Time ❲❤❛t ✐❢ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②❄ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

❈❧♦✉❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❉✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ✈❛r② ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✦ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❢✉❧❧② ▼❛♥✉❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t P❛② ♦♥❧② ❢♦r ✇❤❛t ②♦✉ ✉s❡ Application Middleware Infrastructure as a Service OS Virtualization Machine Machine + OS Machine + OS Machine + OS Traditional Cloud architecture architecture ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✼ ✴ ✸✺

❈❧♦✉❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ Applications & Services ... Map Spark PaaS Storm Application Reduce Middleware Infrastructure as a Service OS Virtualization Machine Machine + OS Machine + OS Machine + OS Traditional Cloud architecture architecture ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✼ ✴ ✸✺

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✽ ✴ ✸✺

❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✻✿ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ > ✜①❡❞ tr❛✣❝ END USER DEVICES ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✾ ✴ ✸✺

❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✻✿ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ > ✜①❡❞ tr❛✣❝ END USER DEVICES DATA CENTER DATA CENTER ✭❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✮ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✾ ✴ ✸✺

◆❡✇ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s r❡q✉✐r❡ ✉❧tr❛✲❧♦✇ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❧❛t❡♥❝✐❡s ❊✳❣✳✱ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❡❞ r❡❛❧✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡ ❡♥❞✲t♦✲❡♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②s ✉♥❞❡r ✷✵ ♠s ❇✉t ❧❛t❡♥❝✐❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡st ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ❛r❡ ✷✵✲✸✵ ♠s ✉s✐♥❣ ✇✐r❡❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✉♣ t♦ ✺✵✲✶✺✵ ♠s ♦♥ ✹● ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✦✦✦ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✵ ✴ ✸✺

◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✇❤♦ ♦✇♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡st t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡♥❞ ✉s❡rs❄ ◆❡✇ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥s ❊✳❣✳✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♦♥❧② ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛♠❡r❛s ❲❤② ✇❛st❡ ❧♦♥❣✲❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s❄ ❋❛❝t✿ ■♦❚✲❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❣r♦✇s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

◆❡✇ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥s ❊✳❣✳✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♦♥❧② ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛♠❡r❛s ❲❤② ✇❛st❡ ❧♦♥❣✲❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s❄ ❋❛❝t✿ ■♦❚✲❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❣r♦✇s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✇❤♦ ♦✇♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡st t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡♥❞ ✉s❡rs❄ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✷ ✴ ✸✺

❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✦ ▲❡t✬s st❡❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ ◆♦ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs t❤❛♥ ✉s✦ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✬s r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❲❤❡r❡ ❞♦❡s ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✬s r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠❄ ◮ ✶✾✾✵✬s✿ ❱♦✐❝❡ ✭♥♦t ❛♥② ♠♦r❡✮ ◮ ✷✵✵✵✬s✿ ❚❡①t✴❙▼❙ ✭♥♦t ❛♥② ♠♦r❡✮ ◮ ✷✵✶✵✬s✿ ❉❛t❛ ✭♥♦t ❢♦r ✈❡r② ❧♦♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ◮ ❲❤❛t✬s ♥❡①t❄ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✸ ✴ ✸✺