❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❙❖❊✷✶✺✻✿ ❋❧✉✐❞s ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ✷ ❋❧♦✇ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r
❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❊♥❡r❣② ❢♦r♠ ✿ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣ ✰ ✶ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ✷ ✚ ❯ ✷ ✰ ✚ ❣③ ❂ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✭❛❧♦♥❣ ❛ str❡❛♠❧✐♥❡✮ ❋❧♦✇ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ✚ ❣ ✑ ✌ ✱ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❝ ✇❡✐❣❤t ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡❧②✱ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❜② ✚ ❣ ④ ❤❡❛❞ ❧♦ss ❢♦r♠ ✿ ✚ ❣ ✰ ❯ ✷ ♣ ✷ ❣ ✰ ③ ❂ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✭❛❧♦♥❣ ❛ str❡❛♠❧✐♥❡✮
✚ ❣ ✰ ❯ ✷ ♣ ✷ ❣ ✰ ③ ✰ ❍ ▲ ❂ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✭❛❧♦♥❣ ❛ ♣✐♣❡✮ ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✿ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✶ ❱✐s❝♦✉s ❡☛❡❝ts ♥❡❣❧✐❣❛❜❧❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ✷ ❋❧♦✇ st❡❛❞② ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ✸ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ❛❧♦♥❣ str❡❛♠❧✐♥❡ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ ✹ ❋❧✉✐❞ ✐s ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐❜❧❡ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✺ ◆♦ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛❞❞❡❞✴r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❢t❡♥ r❡❧❛① s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✿ ✿ ✿
❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✿ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ✶ ❱✐s❝♦✉s ❡☛❡❝ts ♥❡❣❧✐❣❛❜❧❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ✷ ❋❧♦✇ st❡❛❞② ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ✸ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ❛❧♦♥❣ str❡❛♠❧✐♥❡ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ ✹ ❋❧✉✐❞ ✐s ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐❜❧❡ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✺ ◆♦ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛❞❞❡❞✴r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❢t❡♥ r❡❧❛① s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✿ ✿ ✿ ✚ ❣ ✰ ❯ ✷ ♣ ✷ ❣ ✰ ③ ✰ ❍ ▲ ❂ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✭❛❧♦♥❣ ❛ ♣✐♣❡✮
▲✐♥❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ④ ❤②❞r❛✉❧✐❝ ❣r❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✭❍●▲✮ ♦r ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❧✐♥❡ ✳ ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✿ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t Piezometer tube P t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ a ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ U1 U2 U3 ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ U1 U2 U1 U3 ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❤❡❛❞ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ♣ ✚ ❣ ✰ ③ ✭P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ❤❛s ✐ts ❡♥❞ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✌♦✇✮
▲✐♥❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ④ ❤②❞r❛✉❧✐❝ ❣r❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✭❍●▲✮ ♦r ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❧✐♥❡ ✳ ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✿ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t Piezometer tube P t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ a ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ U1 U2 U3 ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ U1 < U2 U1 = U3 ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❤❡❛❞ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ♣ ✚ ❣ ✰ ③ ✭P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ❤❛s ✐ts ❡♥❞ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✌♦✇✮
▲✐♥❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ④ ❤②❞r❛✉❧✐❝ ❣r❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✭❍●▲✮ ♦r ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❧✐♥❡ ✳ ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✿ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t Piezometer tube P t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ a ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ U1 U2 U3 ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ U1 < U2 U1 = U3 ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❤❡❛❞ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ♣ ✚ ❣ ✰ ③ ✭P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ❤❛s ✐ts ❡♥❞ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✌♦✇✮
❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✿ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ HGL ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t Piezometer tube P t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ a ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ U2 U3 U1 ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ U1 < U2 U1 = U3 ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❤❡❛❞ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ♣ ✚ ❣ ✰ ③ ✭P✐❡③♦♠❡t❡r t✉❜❡ ❤❛s ✐ts ❡♥❞ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✌♦✇✮ ▲✐♥❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❡③♦♠❡t❡rs ④ ❤②❞r❛✉❧✐❝ ❣r❛❞❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✭❍●▲✮ ♦r ♣✐❡③♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❧✐♥❡ ✳
✔ ♣ ✚ ❣ ✰ ❱ ✷ ✕ ❂ ♣ ✶ ✚ ❣ ✰ ✵ ✷ ❣ ✵ ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❆ ♣✐t♦t t✉❜❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✌♦✇✱ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t❤❡ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ✿ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ 0 1 ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ▲✐♥❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣✐t♦t t✉❜❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡s ④ ❡♥❡r❣② ❧✐♥❡ ✭❊▲✮
❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ❆ ♣✐t♦t t✉❜❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✌♦✇✱ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t❤❡ ❦✐♥❡t✐❝ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ✿ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ 0 1 ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ✔ ♣ ✚ ❣ ✰ ❱ ✷ ✕ ❂ ♣ ✶ ✚ ❣ ✰ ✵ ✷ ❣ ✵ ▲✐♥❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣✐t♦t t✉❜❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ s✉r❢❛❝❡s ④ ❡♥❡r❣② ❧✐♥❡ ✭❊▲✮
❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ P✐♣❡ ❋❧♦✇ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ④ ❉✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ❋❧♦✇ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r✐❝ ④ ❣❛✉❣❡ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ✳ ▼♦st ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❣❛✉❣❡ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♣r❡ss✉r❡✳ ❋❧♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ ♣✐♣❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ❯✲t✉❜❡ ♠❛♥♦♠❡t❡r P A h 2 h 1 ♣ ❆ ❂ ♣ ❛ ✰ ✚ ♠ ❣❤ ✷ � ✚ ❣❤ ✶
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