Quality Sleep Series II : The Sleep Quality and Quantity of HK s s - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

香港大學民意研究計劃

The University of Hong Kong Public Opinion Programme

Quality Sleep Series II : The Sleep Quality and Quantity of HK The Sleep Quality and Quantity of HK’ ’s s Working Population Working Population

Presentation of Survey Findings July 17, 2003

Presentation outline Presentation outline Data analysis by Dr. Ting Data analysis by Dr. Ting-

• Yiu

Yiu Chung Chung

• Research methodology and contact information
• The sleeping habits and patterns of HK’s working

population

• Sleeping deprivation and its effects on HK’s working

population

• Knowledge on quality sleep in HK’s working

population

• Cross tabulation analysis（male VS female / sleeping

with partner VS sleeping without partner）

Presentation outline Presentation outline Analyses and comments by Dr. Ka Analyses and comments by Dr. Ka-

• Fai

Fai Chung Chung

• Signs of sleep deprivation in HK’s working population
• Occurrence of insomnia and its effects in HK’s working

population

• The concept of “Quality Sleep”
• Size of mattress and sleeping habits
• Improving the quality of sleep
• Sleep IQ test

Contact information Contact information

Date of survey: June 9-13, 2003 Target population: Local working population aged between 25-55 Survey method: Telephone survey with interviewers Sample size: 1,032 successful cases Effective response rate: 76.8% (Based on target population) Sampling error: Less than 1.6%

The sleeping habits and patterns The sleeping habits and patterns

• f HK
• f HK’

’s working population s working population

Self Self-

• reported adequacy of sleep quantity

reported adequacy of sleep quantity

Adequate 45% Half-half 14%

Don't know/ Hard to say 2%

Inadequate 40%

N= 1,032

Respondents’ bedtime on working days （Combined data）

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

0:01- 1:00 1:01- 2:00 2:01- 3:00 3:01- 4:00 4:01- 5:00 5:01- 6:00 6:01- 7:00 7:01- 8:00 8:01- 9:00 9:01- 10:00 10:01- 11:00 11:01- 12:00 12:01- 13:00 13:01- 14:00 14:01- 15:00 18:01- 19:00 19:01- 20:00 20:01- 21:00 21:01- 22:00 22:01- 23:00 23:01- 0:00

• -- Getting out-of-bed time
• -- Going-to-bed time

41% 39%

N= 1,031

Respondents Respondents’ ’ ideal bedtime on working days ideal bedtime on working days (Combined data) (Combined data)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

0:01- 1:00 1:01- 2:00 2:01- 3:00 3:01- 4:00 4:01- 5:00 5:01- 6:00 6:01- 7:00 7:01- 8:00 8:01- 9:00 9:01- 10:00 10:01- 11:00 11:01- 12:00 12:01- 13:00 13:01- 14:00 14:01- 15:00 18:01- 19:00 19:01- 20:00 20:01- 21:00 21:01- 22:00 22:01- 23:00 23:01- 0:00

• -- Getting out-of-bed time
• -- Going-to-bed time

34% 45% 35%

N=1,032 N=1,031

Comparison between actual and ideal bedtime Comparison between actual and ideal bedtime (Combined data)

• -- Ideal getting out-of-bed time (N=1,032) --- Actual getting out-of-bed time (N=1,032)
• -- Ideal going-to-bed time (N=1,031)
• -- Actual going-to-bed time（N=1,032）

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

0:01- 1:00 1:01- 2:00 2:01- 3:00 3:01- 4:00 4:01- 5:00 5:01- 6:00 6:01- 7:00 7:01- 8:00 8:01- 9:00 9:01- 10:00 10:01- 11:00 11:01- 12:00 12:01- 13:00 13:01- 14:00 14:01- 15:00 18:01- 19:00 19:01- 20:00 20:01- 21:00 21:01- 22:00 22:01- 23:00 23:01- 0:00

39% 45% 35% 34% 41%

• 63% went to bed later than

their ideal time (on average 44 mins later) ;

• 59% got up earlier than

their ideal time (on average 38 mins earlier)

Number of hours of sleep on working days

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

0-2 hrs 2hrs1min- 4 hrs 4hrs1min-6 hrs 6hrs1min-8 hrs More than 8 hrs

6hrs Mean after round up 2mins Standard error Base Mean 931 6hrs1min

40%

N= 1,032

• On average, respondents slept 1 hours 23 minutes less than

their ideal length of sleeping hours

Size of mattress

10% 8% 1% 1% 1% 1% 6% 16% 38% 4% 12%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

DK/ HS Others 6 x 6.5 ft 5 x 6 .25 ft /6 .5 ft 6 x 6 ft 5.5 ft x 6 ft 5 x 6 ft 4.5 ft x 6 ft 4 x 6 ft 3.5 ft x 6 ft 3 x 6 ft

8%

N= 1,029

Respondents Respondents’ ’ preference of sleeping with/ preference of sleeping with/ without partner without partner

Always sleep alone 1% DK/ HS 2% Sleeping without partner 65% Sleeping with a partner 21% No difference 12%

N= 1,027

Reasons for preferring to sleep without partner Reasons for preferring to sleep without partner (Percentage of respondents) (Percentage of respondents)

83% 12% 6% 2% 1% 3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

More space on bed Avoiding disturbance from partner Avoiding disturbance to partner Habit Others DK/HS

Always sleep alone 1% No difference 12% with a partner 21% without partner 65%

N=665

Reasons for preferring to sleep with partner Reasons for preferring to sleep with partner (Percentage of respondents) (Percentage of respondents)

44% 21% 12% 4% 3% 2% 2% 6% 12%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Habit Sense of security Not affecting relationship with partner More comfortable Warmer Fear of darkness Couples Others DK/ HS

Always sleep alone 1% No difference 12% Sleeping with partner 21% Sleeping without partner 65%

N=206

Respondents' current habit of sleeping Respondents' current habit of sleeping with/ without partner with/ without partner

Sleeping without partner 38% Sleeping with partner 60% Hard to say 2%

N= 1,027

Change of sleeping patterns because of Change of sleeping patterns because of atypical pneumonia atypical pneumonia

Yes 4% No 96% Hard to say <1%

N= 1,032

AP AP’ ’s effects on respondents s effects on respondents’ ’sleeping habits sleeping habits (Percentage of respondents) (Percentage of respondents)

3% 14% 3% 3% 3% 6% 8% 11% 11% 14% 25%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

DK/HS Others Sleep alone Get up later Get up earlier Sleep later Sleep less Wake at mid-night Can't get asleep Sleep earlier Sleep more

N=36

Yes 4%

No 96% Hard to say <1%

A recapitulation A recapitulation

• Most respondents went to bed between 11pm-00am,

and got up between 6am-7am.

• On average, respondents slept for 6 hours on working

days.

• “10pm-11pm” was the most commonly cited ideal

going-to-bed time. Yet, only one quarter of them could go to bed at the time mentioned above. On average, respondents slept 1 hours 23 minutes less than their ideal length of sleeping hours.

• Respondents preferred sleeping alone to sleeping with

partner because it was more comfortable to sleep alone, whereas the latter said they had already formed the

• habit. Yet, in reality, the number of respondents

sleeping with partner far exceeded that of sleeping alone.

Sleeping deprivation and its effects Sleeping deprivation and its effects

• n HK
• n HK’

’s working population s working population

Ability of having uninterrupted sleep in the Ability of having uninterrupted sleep in the past 7 days past 7 days

Can 39% Cannot 61% Don't know/ hard to say 1%

N= 1,032

Frequency of mid Frequency of mid-

• night awakenings

night awakenings (Percentage of respondents)

54% 32% 11% 2% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 1 2 3 4 5 or more

Mean：1.7 Standard error：0.04 Base：593

DK/ HS 1%

Cannot 61%

Can 39%

Reasons for mid-night awakenings (Percentage of respondents)

21% 15% 6% 6% 6% 10% 11% 43% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% DK/ HS Others Anxiety/ Nervousness Habit Dreaming Parenting Noise Toilet

Don't know/ Hard to say 1%

Cannot 61%

Can 39%

N= 622

Time needed for falling asleep

Mean：22 mins Standard error：0.62 min Base：929

2% 16% 16% 21% 5% < 1% 0% 41%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-29 30 or more

Min

Experience of bad Experience of bad-

• quality sleep

quality sleep for 3 consecutive days or more for 3 consecutive days or more

Forgotten 1% No 49% Yes 50%

N= 1,032

Effects of bad-quality sleep on daily lives (Percentage of respondents)

Forgotten 1% No 49%

Yes 50%

5% 18% 3% 2% 2% 2% 17% 22% 52% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% DK/ HS No effect Others Leisuring/ social life Appearance Family life Health Emotion Work

N= 514

Effects of bad-quality sleep on appearance

DK/ HS 3% No 34% Yes 63%

N= 516

Effects of bad-quality sleep on appearance (Percentage of respondents)

1% 2% 3% 3% 21% 30% 40% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% DK/ HS Others Tired appearance Pimples Coarse skin Dark circles Bad complexion

N= 323

Yes 63%

No 34% DK/ HS 3%

Effects of bad-quality sleep on work performance

DK/ HS <1% No 36% Yes 63%

N= 516

Effects of bad-quality sleep on work performance (Percentage of respondents)

3% 8% 7% 7% 9% 16% 22% 29% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% DK/ HS Others Feeling tired Mistake-prompt Failure to concentrate Unclear mind Lowered productivity (general) Slower reaction

N= 324

Yes 63%

No 36% DK/ HS <1%

A recapitulation A recapitulation

• 61% had the experience of midnight-awakenings

in the past 7 days.

• 46% of the sub-sample woke up twice or more

every night, “going to toilet” was the main reason.

• 41% needed 30 minutes or more to fall asleep.
• Half of the respondents had the experience of bad-

quality sleep for more than 3 consecutive days, most of them believed their performance at work was affected.

• Findings on the effects of bad-quality sleep on

respondents’ daily life showed that 63% of the sub-sample believed that bad-quality sleep had affected their appearance and work performance.

Knowledge on quality sleep in HK Knowledge on quality sleep in HK’ ’s s working population working population

Knowledge on functions of sleep (Percentage of respondents)

6% 13% 5% 7% 54% 54%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

DK/ HS Others Increasing immunity Metabolism Restoring energy Restoring the functions of organs

N= 1,030

Criteria for quality sleep (Percentage of respondents)

6% 26% 11% 15% 15% 38% 38%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

DK/ HS Others No/ reduced dreaming A good sleeping environment Exceeding a certain amount of sleeping hrs Uninterrupted sleep Sleep till a specified time without any interruptions

N= 1,026

Ways of improving the quality of sleep Ways of improving the quality of sleep (Percentage of respondents)

27% 24% 20% 12% 9% 9% 9% 28%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Improving the bedroom environment Total relaxation before bedtime Choosing a good quality mattress Maintaining a moderate bedroom temperature Regular exercises Regular cycle of resting Balanced diet DK/ HS

N= 1,025

Experience of improving Experience of improving the quality of sleep the quality of sleep

DK/ HS <1% No 67% Yes 33%

N= 1,032

Methods used to improve sleep quality Methods used to improve sleep quality (Percentage of respondents) (Percentage of respondents)

DK/ HS <1% No 67% Yes 33%

15% 13% 11% 11% 8% 8% 8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

U s i n g q u a l i t y p i l l

• w

s R e l a x a t i

• n

e x e r c i s e s R e g u l a r e x e r c i s e s U s i n g q u a l i t y m a t t r e s s R e g u l a r c y c l e

• f

r e s t i n g B a l a n c e d d i e t Me d i a t i

• n

(N=337)

Reasons for not attempting to improve the Reasons for not attempting to improve the sleep quality sleep quality（ （Percentage of respondents Percentage of respondents） ）

64% 11% 10% 8% 6% 2%

0% 50% 100%

Not necessary Never thought of it Ignorance of the methods available No time Others DK/ HS

(N=685)

DK/ HS <1% No 67% Yes 33%

A recapitulation A recapitulation

• “ Restoring

the functions

• f
• rgans”

and “restoring energy” were the most commonly mentioned functions of sleep.

• A significant number of respondents regarded

uninterrupted sleep till a specified time as the key criterion of quality sleep.

• Two-thirds have never tried to improve the quality
• f sleep, in which 64% of them (43% of the overall

sample) believed it was not necessary, another 10% (6% of the overall sample) did not know how to improve the quality of sleep.

Cross tabulation analyses Cross tabulation analyses

I. I. Male VS Female Male VS Female II.

• II. Sleeping with partner VS

Sleeping with partner VS sleeping without partner sleeping without partner

Ability of having uninterrupted sleep in the Ability of having uninterrupted sleep in the past 7 days (Gender difference) past 7 days (Gender difference)

1% 68% 31%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

DK/ HS Cannot Can

45% 55% 1%

Male (N=549) Female (N=483)

Effects of bad-quality sleep on appearance (Gender difference) (Gender difference)

2% 25% 74%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

DK/ HS No Yes

51% 45% 4%

Male (N=245) Female (N=271)

Effects of bad-quality sleep on appearance (Gender difference) (Gender difference)

3% 4% 23% 35% 33% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Others Pimples Coarse skin Dark circles Bad complexion

50% 21% 7%

Male (N=124) Female (N=199)

3% 18%

Respondents Respondents’ ’ preference of sleeping with/ preference of sleeping with/ without partner without partner

16% 31% 53%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

No difference With partner Without partner

85% 6% 4%

Respondents sleeping without partner (N=387) Respondents sleeping with partner (N=611)

Reasons for preferring to sleep without partner Reasons for preferring to sleep without partner (Percentage of responses) (Percentage of responses)

7% 13% 85%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Avoiding disturbance to partner Avoiding disturbance from partner More space on bed 79% 11% 5%

Respondents sleeping without partner (N=325) Respondents sleeping with partner (N=321)

Reasons for preferring to sleep with partner Reasons for preferring to sleep with partner (Percentage of responses) (Percentage of responses)

13% 0% 35% 9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

More comfortable Not affecting relationship with partner Sense of security Habit

48% 19% 3%

Respondents sleeping without partner (N=23) Respondents sleeping with partner (N=182)

13%

Size of mattress

7% 41% 47%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Others 4.5ft x 6ft or above 4ft x6ft or below

63% 9% 11%

Respondents sleeping without partner (N=388) Respondents sleeping with partner (N=611)

Sleep preference for respondents currently Sleep preference for respondents currently using small beds (4 using small beds (4’ ’x6 x6’ ’ or below)

• r below)

87% 3% 6%

Respondents using small beds and sleeping without partner (N=244) Respondents using small beds and sleeping with partner (N=287)

15% 29% 55%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

No difference With partner Without partner

Comments on research findings

By Dr. Ka-Fai Chung, Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry, HKU

Amount of sleep is insufficient in HK Amount of sleep is insufficient in HK’ ’s working population (1) s working population (1)

• 40% agreed that their amount of sleep is insufficient

62% 56% 46% 41% 38% 36% 28%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

• 1. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.
• 2. I often need an alarm clock or other people to wake me up at the appropriate time.
• 3. I sometimes feel drowsy while driving.
• 4. It's a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.
• 5. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or lectures.
• 6. I often fall asleep watching TV.
• 7. I often fall asleep while relaxing after lunch or dinner.

Percentage of respondents (Excluding those who answered “not applicable”)

Amount of sleep is insufficient in Amount of sleep is insufficient in HK HK’ ’s working population (2) s working population (2)

• 61% often needed to sleep longer during weekends.

56% often needed alarm clock or someone to wake them up in each morning and 41% had to struggle hard to wake up each morning.

• 36% often dozed off while watching TV, 38%
• ften dozed off at meetings. 28% often dozed off

during rest after lunch or dinner.

• Of particular importance, 46% of those who drove

agreed that they sometimes were very sleepy while driving.

• A high proportion of HK’s working population

(92%) had 1 or more signs indicative of insufficient sleep.

Test on the signs of sleep deprivation (collapsed data)

8% 15% 22% 24% 16% 10% 5% 1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

N= 1,032

Effects of insufficient sleep Effects of insufficient sleep

• Of course there is an individual variation in sleep requirement,

some may require less and some more. This study showed that the majority of respondents were sleep-deprived, on average, respondents slept 1 hours 23 minutes less than their ideal length

• f sleeping hours.
• Although insufficient sleep does not cause harm to our health

directly, the result of insufficient sleep, i.e. sleepiness can lead to:

• neuropsychological dysfunctions, such as decreased creativity,

logical thinking; emotional instability

• motor vehicle and work-related accidents, impaired

performance

• poor quality of life
• Sleeping is essential to us, it is not a waste of time.

Insomnia is common in HK’s working population

• 41% of the respondents often require 30

minutes or more to fall asleep.

• The majority of the respondents (60%) could

not enjoy uninterrupted sleep, in which 26% of them often woke up 2 times or more during sleep.

• Only 53% of the respondents reported that

they could sleep more than 85% of the time in bed.

• Half of the respondents had experienced bad-

quality sleep for 3 or more consecutive days.

Insomnia in HK’s working population (Collapsed data)

22% 30% 27% 15% 6%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 1 2 3 4 N= 1,032

Insomnia in HK’s working population (Male VS female, collapsed data)

Male (N=549) Female (N=483)

24% 20% 32% 29% 27% 27% 14% 17% 4% 8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 1 2 3 4

What is a quality sleep?

• An uninterrupted sleep
• Appropriate sleeping time and hours
• The sleep cycle
• Most importantly, reducing

disturbances from inside and outside during sleep

The sleep cycle

Bed sizes and sleeping habits

• About half of the respondents sleeping with

partner (47%) were using small-size beds (4ft x 6ft or below); and more than half of them (55%) prefer sleeping alone.

• Although this survey showed that people’s

preference of sleeping alone and insomnia were not significantly related to bed sizes, apparently most of the respondents wanted more space in bed.

Bad quality sleep and its remedies

• More than a half of the respondents who

suffered from bad quality sleep （63%） reported that their work performance was affected.

• Many respondents (67%) had never tried to

improve their sleep quality.

Conclusion

• Sleep deprivation is a widespread phenomenon.
• Bad quality sleep and insomnia are also common.
• Respondents generally lacked initiative and

awareness in improving their sleep quality:

• slept 1 hours 23 minutes less than their ideal length
• f sleeping hours.
• 92% had signs indicative of insufficient sleep, but
• nly 40% were aware that they were sleep deprived.
• 67% had never tried to improve their sleep quality,

in which 43% of them believed it was unnecessary.

What can we do to improve

• ur sleep?
• Similar to having a good diet habit, a healthy

sleep habit is important and easy to obtain:

• adequate and regular sleep
• regular relaxation activities - exercise, music, etc
• devoted the sleeping hours to “sleep”
• reducing possible disturbances during sleep, e.g.,

less water intake before going to bed, drawing a curtain, using a larger bed, sleeping on a mattress that can minimize motion transfer across bed, etc.

The End

(Survey findings soon be available at http://hkupop.hku.hk)