Psychophysical methods & a brief intro to the nervous system - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Psychophysical methods & a brief intro to the nervous system - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Psychophysical methods & a brief intro to the nervous system Jonathan Pillow Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Spring 2015 Lec. 3 1 Outline for today: psychophysics Weber-Fechner Law Signal Detection Theory

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Psychophysical methods & a brief intro to the nervous system

Jonathan Pillow Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Spring 2015

  • Lec. 3

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Outline for today:

  • psychophysics
  • Weber-Fechner Law
  • Signal Detection Theory
  • basic neuroscience overview

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Gustav Fechner (1801–1887) often considered founder of experimental psychology

psychophysics

matter mind

  • scientific theory of the relationship between mind and matter

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Fechner’s law

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Fechner’s law

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Fechner’s law

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Fechner’s law

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Fechner’s law

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

  • As stimulus intensity increases,

magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

  • As stimulus intensity increases,

magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight Example:

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

  • As stimulus intensity increases,

magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable is just as detectable as 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight Example:

5

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

  • As stimulus intensity increases,

magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable is just as detectable as 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight Example: 0.2 pound change in a 4 pound weight

5

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

  • As stimulus intensity increases,

magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable is just as detectable as 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight Example: 0.2 pound change in a 4 pound weight = .05

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) “Weber’s Law”

  • law about how stimulus intensity relates

to detectability of stimulus changes

  • As stimulus intensity increases,

magnitude of change must increase proportionately to remain noticeable is just as detectable as 1 pound change in a 20 pound weight Example: 0.2 pound change in a 4 pound weight = .05 = .05

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878)

stimulus intensity change in stimulus

Weber Fraction

  • ratio of change magnitude to stimulus

magnitude that is required for detecting the change = .05 = .05

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878)

stimulus intensity change in stimulus

Weber Fraction

  • ratio of change magnitude to stimulus

magnitude that is required for detecting the change Q: what’s the smallest change in a 100 pound weight could you detect? = .05 = .05

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The Dawn of Psychophysics Ernst Weber (1795–1878) Weber Fraction

  • ratio of change magnitude to stimulus

magnitude that is required for detecting the change Q: what’s the smallest change in a 100 pound weight could you detect? = .05 = .05 Just-Noticeable Difference (JND)

  • smallest magnitude change that can

be detected

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Look at Fechner’s law again:

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A little math (don’t freak out)

Fechner’s law:

percept intensity stimulus intensity

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A little math (don’t freak out)

Fechner’s law: differentiate both sides

percept intensity stimulus intensity

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A little math (don’t freak out)

Fechner’s law: differentiate both sides

percept intensity stimulus intensity change in stimulus intensity change in percept intensity

Weber’s law:

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A little math (don’t freak out)

Fechner’s law: differentiate both sides

percept intensity stimulus intensity

So detectability (“how much the percept changes”) is determined by the ratio of stimulus change dR to stimulus intensity R.

change in stimulus intensity change in percept intensity

Weber’s law:

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A little math (don’t freak out)

Fechner’s law: differentiate both sides

percept intensity stimulus intensity

So detectability (“how much the percept changes”) is determined by the ratio of stimulus change dR to stimulus intensity R.

change in stimulus intensity change in percept intensity

Weber’s law: (so, it’s really the same law!)

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my rating: this is very deep / important! Weber-Fechner Law

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Stevens’ Power Law

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(my rating: “meh”)

  • subjective
  • based on rating data
  • no “right” answer: just a mapping between
  • ne unknown scale (‘pain’) and another

unknown scale (‘numbers’) Stevens’ Power Law

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A C B Test yourself: at which intensity are changes most detectable?

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For this stimulus/sensation relationship, which stimulus changes are most detectable?

A B C

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How to measure perception?

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müller-lyer illusion

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“percept” “percept” is internal

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x

f(x) blabla

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Psychophysics

  • detection (yes/no)
  • discrimination (e.g., bigger than)
  • estimation (report the stimulus exactly)

All provide indirect measure of internal mental state!

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Detection

perfect threshold

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Detection

noise perfect threshold

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psychometric function

  • relates physical quantity to the probability of detecting it

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Signal detection theory: A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise ( On board )

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Figure 1.16 Detecting a stimulus using the signal detection theory (SDT) approach (Part 1)

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Figure 1.16 Detecting a stimulus using the signal detection theory (SDT) approach (Part 2)

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Figure 1.17 Sensitivity to a stimulus: The separation between the distributions of response to noise alone and to signal plus noise

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Figure 1.18 For a fixed dʹ″, all you can do is change the pattern of your errors by shifting the response criterion

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Signal detection theory § Hit: Stimulus is presented and observer responds “Yes” § Miss: Stimulus is presented and observer responds “No” § False alarm: Stimulus is not presented and

  • bserver responds “Yes”

§ Correct rejection: Stimulus is not presented and observer responds “No”

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Signal Detection Theory Terms to know: “noise” distribution: values arising when stimulus not present “signal” distribution: values arising when signal + noise present Type I error: rate of “false alarms”, or false positives Type II error: rate of “misses”, or false negatives psychometric function: describes probability of saying “I heard it” as function of stimulus intensity

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Brief Neuroscience Intro:

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the brain, yo

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neuron

dendrites of target neurons axons of sensory receptor neurons

  • membrane is polarized: voltage difference between inside and outside

(neuron is like a battery)

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  • channels open
  • current flows in
  • membrane becomes

depolarized

Spikes - currency of the nervous system

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spike propagation

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synapse

action potential triggers release of vesicles transmitter molecules bind to receptor post-synaptic electrical signal

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measuring neural activity

  • Invasive methods
  • electrophysiology (electrodes)
  • imaging (voltage sensitive dyes)
  • non-invasive methods
  • fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
  • EEG (electroencephalography)
  • MEG (magnetoencephalography)

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You can safely ignore (for now)

  • method of constant stimuli / method of adjustment
  • ROC curves
  • Fourier analysis (though we will come back to it!)
  • Cranial nerves (Fig 1.20)
  • brain anatomy (Fig 1.21, but we will come back as

needed)

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Summary

  • Weber-Fechner law
  • Stevens’ power law
  • psychophysics
  • psychometric function
  • signal detection theory: threshold, criterion, Hit/

Miss, FA/CR, d’ (i.e., “d-prime”)

  • spikes, synapses, neurotransmitter

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Next: Read Chapter 2

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