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CO 2 Conversion to Fuels A Progress Report on Liquid Light Inc. Columbia University, April 2014 Products and Energetics More More Oxidized Reduced 34 GJ/T 36 GJ/T 36 GJ/T 6 GJ/T Formic Acid Formaldehyde Methanol Syngas 15 GJ/T 33

SLIDE 1

CO2 Conversion to Fuels

A Progress Report on Liquid Light Inc.

Columbia University, April 2014

SLIDE 2

CO2

Oil, Gas

(CHx)

More Oxidized More Reduced

Products and Energetics

Ethylene Oxalic Acid Ethanol Glyoxal

75 GJ/T

Propylene Isopropanol Acetone

100 GJ/T 81 GJ/T 100 GJ/T

2-Butanol Syngas Methanol Formaldehyde Formic Acid

6 GJ/T 36 GJ/T 15 GJ/T 33 GJ/T 43 GJ/T 36 GJ/T 34 GJ/T 40 GJ/T

SLIDE 3

One Cannot Achieve the Electrochemical Energy Goals without an Efficient Catalyst

N

+

H Aromatic Amines Drop the Activation Overpotential to ~200mV

SLIDE 4

MeOH Evolving PEC Using p-GaP

CO2 + 6e- + 6H+  CH3OH + H2O pH 5.2, 10mM pyridine

465nm

96% Faradaic Yield of MeOH @ 200mV UNDERpotential

N

+

H

SLIDE 5

CO2 to Formate at an In Surface

SLIDE 6

The Liquid Light Process

Renewable Energy Source Waste CO2 CO2 Generating Source Water

CO2 + xH+ + xe-  product 2H2O  4H+

+ 4e- + O2

e- e- e- Product Extraction

Chemicals & Fuels Abundant cathode materials Efficient and selective catalysts Low cell voltages (energy efficient) Stability

Highlights

SLIDE 7

Solar Panel Provided By and

Solar Fuel is Here!

SLIDE 8

System Runs Utilize Real Sunlight (AM 1.5)

0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% 2.50% 3.00% 3.50% 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00

Thermionic Efficiency Intensity (W/m2)

Time (minutes)

Insolation vs. Cell Response 4/22/13

Cloud Cover

SLIDE 9

Liquid Light’s 100cm2 scale electrochemical cell test bench

Photo shows 100cm2 active area electrochemical cell for conversion of CO2 to multi-carbon product along with test bench used to operate and control electrochemical cell. System includes control of electrolyte feed and circulation and instrumentation for process monitoring and control.

Test bench Controls Cell

SLIDE 10

They Did It! Anyone want a good deal on Oxalate?

SLIDE 11

Acknowledgement

Advancing CO2 Chemistry

SLIDE 12

A Complex Synergy

GaInP2 @465nm

5 10 15 20 25 30 PY1 PY2 PY3 PY4 PY5 Catalyst Relative Percent Product Acetone Methanol Isopropanol Quantum Yield

GaP @ 365nm

10 20 30 40 50 60 PY2 PY3 PY4 PY5 PY6 Catalyst Relative Percent Product Acetone Methanol Isopropanol Quantum Yield

SLIDE 13

p-GaP MeOH Evolving Cell

CO2 + 6e- + 6H+  CH3OH + H2O pH 5.2, 10mM pyridine

465nm

SLIDE 14

Currently producing target chemicals at grams/day with product concentration streams > 3% and CD > 100 mA/cm2 and 1000 hr stability testing, now scaling up to kg/day over the next year

Formic Acid System Scale-Up

SLIDE 15

What should we do with CO2?

Schematic diagram of possible CCS systems

SRCCS Figure TS-1

CO2 Utilization Sequestration Utilization: Polymers, Solid-State Products Fuels

7%

93%

SLIDE 16

Carbon-Carbon Coupling is Possible!

GaP @ 365nm

10 20 30 40 50 60 PY2 PY3 PY4 PY5 PY6 Catalyst Relative Percent Product Acetone Methanol Isopropanol Quantum Yield

SLIDE 17

Counting the Cost

CO2 + 2H2O CH3OH + 3/2O2 H2O  O2 kinetics CO2 reduction kinetics According to the US DOE a gas fired power plant generates 1135 pounds of CO2/MWH 2.25 Moles CO2 If 1 Mole of CO2 is converted: 0.57 Moles CO2 2.82 Moles CO2

–1.00 Moles Consumed 1.82 Moles Net Formed!

690kJ/mole (1.2V•6e-)

≥170kJ/mole (1.4V)

(0.4V) 1.6eV 3.0eV photon 6e-/6H+