Presentation Outline Presentation Outline INTRODUCTION CURRENT - - PDF document

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THEME: THEME:

INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGE INTERNATIONALISATION OF LARGE GENERATION SITES AND RELATED GENERATION SITES AND RELATED INTERCONNECTED HV LINES INTERCONNECTED HV LINES

TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS PRESENTED AT UPDEA CONGRESS PRESENTED AT UPDEA CONGRESS ACCRA - GHANA ACCRA - GHANA JUNE 2005 JUNE 2005 BY BY RHODNIE SISALA RHODNIE SISALA MANAGING DIRECTOR –ZESCO LTD MANAGING DIRECTOR –ZESCO LTD ZAMBIA ZAMBIA

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Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

• INTRODUCTION
• CURRENT SITUATION
• POTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITES
• POTENTIAL HV TRANSMISSION INTERCONNECTORS
• TECHNICAL ASPECTS
• ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
• NEPADS ROLE
• CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

• ELECTRIFICATION OF NEEDY AREAS OF THE CONTINENT

REQUIRE AVAILABLITY OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

• THERE IS NEED FOR ADEQUATE GENERATION CAPACITIES

AND INTERCONNECTION LINES WITHIN THE VARIOUS STATES TO ENHANCE ELECTRIFICATION

• UNFORTUNATELY MOST AFRICAN COUNTRIES ARE EITHER

ALREADY IN OR WILL SOON HAVE A CAPACITY & ENERGY DEFICIT

• MOST REGIONAL POWER POOLS ALSO FACE A GENERATION

DEFICIT IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS E.G. SADC REGION THROUGH SAPP – DEMAND GROWING AT 3% PER ANNUM – SADC REGION TO RUN OUT OF CAPACITY & ENERGY AROUND 2007 WITH EXISTING CAPACITY

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CURRENT STATUS CURRENT STATUS

ENERGY DEFICITY IN

• SADC REGION BY 2007
• NIGERIA
• KENYAN
• UGANDA

DEVELOPMENT OF POWER STATIONS AND INTERCONNECTORS AWAIT MOBILISATION OF CAPITAL

• ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY IN AFRICA LOW

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POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

POOLING OF RESOURCES THROUGH REGIONAL INTEGRATION POWER POOLS AFRICAN UNION ORGANS MAY FACILITATE FINANCING INSTITUTIONS TECHNICAL ORGANS

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AFRICAN UNION (NEPAD) AFREC UPDEA

WAPP

SAPP EAPP PEAC FINANCING ORGANISATIONS AfDB, WB, EIB, DBSA, …

REGIONAL INTEGRATION THROUGH POWER POOLS

SUB REGIONAL TECHNICAL ORGANISATIONS e.g PIESA etc

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• C

• EGYPT

• REP. DEM.

• WEST AFRICA

NEPA GTI SBEE SENELEC SONABEL CEB SOPIE CIE SOGEPE SONICHAR SOGEM NIGELIEC NAWEC LEC VRA SOMELEC EDG EDM-SA EAGB TOGO ELRCTRICITE NORTH AFRICA EEHC STEG SONELGAZ ONE GECOL CENTRAL AFRICA SNEL ELECTROGAZ REGIDESO STEE AES-SONEL SEGEA ENERCA SEGEA SNE EMAE SEEG SINELAC EASTERN AFRICA DJIBELEC NEC EEC KPLC KenGem UEB TANESCO UEGCL UEDCL UETCL EEPC SOUTHERN REGION ESKOM ESCOM EDEL BPC ENE EDM ZESCO ZESA JIRAMA LEC CEB NAMPOWER North West Central East South 8 8

THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL (SAPP) CASE POWER POOL (SAPP) CASE

PROJECTED ENERGY DEFICIT PROJECTED ENERGY DEFICIT BY 2007 BY 2007

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INSTALLED CAPACITY vs ANNUAL MAXIMUM DEMAND

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 YEAR M W INSTALLED CAPACITY MW

Rapid Load Growth Available Capacity

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ENERGY DEFICIT IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL

FORECAST ANNUAL MAXIMUM DEMAND IS RISING FASTER THAN PROJECTED IN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES SUCH AS SOUTH AFRICA AND ZAMBIA SOME INSTALLED CAPACITY IS ACTUALLY NOT AVAILABLE CONSIDERATION OF THE RESERVE CAPACITY (10.2 %) BUILT IN

• IMPLICATION

THE ENERGY DEFICIT WILL BE REACHED MUCH EARLIER THAN PROJECTED. THE DEFICIT IS EXPECTED ABOUT 2007

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8764 TOTAL 2009 Gas 80 Kinyerezi 2007 Gas 60 Kinyerezi 2005 Gas 40 Ubungo 2004 Gas 40 Ubungo Tanzania 2009 Gas 300 Lupani 2008 Hydro 660 Hwange 7& 8 2007 Hydro 300 Kariba South Zimbabwe 10 2009 Hydro 360 Kariba North 2009 Hydro 600 Kafue Lower 2007 Hydro 120 Itezhi-Tezhi 2006 Hydro 210 Refurbishment Zambia 9 2007 Hydro 20 Maguga Swaziland 8 2008 Gas 500 Open Cycle Gas Turbine 2005 to 2010 Coal 3500 Mothballed Plants South Africa 7 2009 Gas 800 Kudu Namibia 6 2009 Hydro 64 Kaphichira Phase-2 Malawi 5 2010 Hydro 110 Muela Phase 2 Lesotho 4 2007 Hydro 500 Refurbish Inga 1&2 DRC 3 2009 Coal 240 Morupule Expansion Botswana 2 2007 Hydro 260 Capanda Angola 1 Expected Year Type Capacity(MW) Project Name Country No.

SHORT TERM GENERATION PROJECTS IN SAPP

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LONG TERM GENERATION LONG TERM GENERATION PROJECTS IN SAPP PROJECTS IN SAPP

ESTIMATED COST ESTIMATED COST $ 45 Billion $ 45 Billion

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1300 Gokwe North 800 Batoka Zimbabwe 12 220 Kalungwishi 200 Expansion Kariba North Zambia 11 222 Ramakali 200 Mchuchuma 200 Mchuchuma 358 Ruhunji Tanzania 10 1000 Lubombo Swaziland 9 2330 2XPUMPED Storage 1500 2xCGT 2500 Greenfield 4000 Greenfield South Africa 8 23 Popa 360 Epupa Namibia 7 40 Massinngir 1000 Moatize 1300 Mepanda Uncua Mozambique 6 100 Fufu 260 Mphatamaga 240 Kholombizo Malawi 5 230 Musanga Lesotho 4 6000 Grand Inga Phase 1 3500 Inga-3 DRC 3 3600 Mmamabula Botswana 2 260 Cambambe II Angola 1 Capacity(MW) Project Name Country No.

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POTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITES POTENTIAL LARGE GENERATION SITES

• ZAMBIA

– KAFUE GORGE LOWER (750 MW) – KARIBA NORTH BANK EXTENTION (300 MW) – ITEZHI TEZHI (120 MW) – BATOKA (800 MW) – LUAPULA HYDRO DEVELOPMENT (950 MW) – KALUNGWISHI HYDRO DEVELOPMENT (163 MW) – DEVILS GORGE (800 MW)

• DRC

– INGA (44,000 MW) – OTHER SITES (56,000 MW)

• GHANA

– BUI –SITE ( 400 MW )

• UGANDA

– BUJUGALI SITE ( 200 MW )

• MOZAMBIQUE

– CABORABASSA – MPHANDA NKUWA ( 1300 MW ) ESTIMATED COST OF $ 2 Billion)

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POTENTIAL HV INTERCONNECTORS POTENTIAL HV INTERCONNECTORS

• ZAMBIA – TANZANIA-KENYA 330 KV
• NORTHERN HIGHWAY INTERCONNECTOR FROM INGA

DRC TO EGYPT VIA SUDAN

• SOUTHERN HIGHWAY (CENTRAL CORRIDOR)

INTERCONNECTOR FROM INGA TO RSA VIA ZAMBIA

• SOUTHERN HIGHWAY (WESTERN CORRIDOR)

INTERCONNECTOR FROM INGA TO RSA VIA ANGOLA

• WESTERN HIGHWAY FROM INGA TO NIGERIA

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GENERATION SITES AND INTERCONNECTION PROJECTS

• !

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O N G O LIBYA ALGERIA MOROCO T U NI SI A CHAD MALI MAURITANIA S A H A R A . COTE D’IVOIR E GUINEA G H A N A T O G O B E NI N SENEGAL L GAMBIA SIERRA LEONE LI B E RI A BURKINA FASO GUINEE EQU. LESOTHO SWAZILAND M O Z A M BI Q U E M A D A G A S C A R M A L A W I TANZANIA KENYA O U G A N D A R . B . S O M A LI ETHIOPIA DJIBOUTI ERITREA E GUINEA

• BISSAU

COMORO S SAO TOME & PRINCIPE SUDAN CAR NIGERIA A ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA

• EGYPT

CAMEROON N GABON N NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE ZAMBIIA CONGO

• REP. DEM.

#$ %&'

• !

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• C

O N G O LIBYA ALGERIA MOROCO T U NI SI A CHAD MALI MAURITANIA S A H A R A . COTE D’IVOIR E GUINEA G H A N A T O G O B E NI N SENEGAL L GAMBIA SIERRA LEONE LI B E RI A BURKINA FASO GUINEE EQU. LESOTHO SWAZILAND M O Z A M BI Q U E M A D A G A S C A R M A L A W I TANZANIA KENYA O U G A N D A R . B . S O M A LI ETHIOPIA DJIBOUTI ERITREA E GUINEA

• BISSAU

COMORO S SAO TOME & PRINCIPE SUDAN CAR NIGERIA A ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA

• EGYPT

CAMEROON N GABON N NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE ZAMBIIA CONGO

• REP. DEM.
• REP. DEM.

#$ %&'

Generation sites

PLANNED LARGE GENERATION SITES AND HV INTERCONNECTORS ACROSS AFRICA

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HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION

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Matadi Moanda Lukula Tshela Inga Sanga Kikwit Masi- Kenge Mweka Tshikapa Kananga Lungudi Tshala Lubilanji Kabinda Kaniama Mbanza- Kongolo Kabalo Kasongo Kalemie Kindu Goma Bukavu Kisangani Bandundu Bulungu Ilebo Tembo Idiofa Inongo Inongo Mbandaka Boende Basankusu Lisala Bumba Gbadolite Libenge Zongo Gemena Mobayi Buta Kyimbi Kamina Beni Butembo Kilubi Kolwezi Likasi Lubumbashi Boma Nseke Nzilo Koni M´sha Piana Mwanga Lepudungu Nepoko Mugombe Kakobola Kitona Katende Gungu Kinshasa Kamimbi Ruzizi Yangambi Isiro Kisalala Rutshuru Semliki manimba Bamba Feshi Kahemba Kasongo- Popokabaka NgunguKimvula Seke- Banza Lunda Zongo Bagata Mushie Kutu Inongo Kiri Oshwe Mbuji Mayi Demba Dimbelenge Lusambo Lubefu Lodja Kole Katako- Kombe Luebo Dekese Kazumba Mwene- Ditu Luiza Lubao Sakania Kipushi Tshopo Mpozo Mitwaba Manono Moba Bukama Malemba- Nkulu Kasenga Nyunzu Mani Kabongo Dilolo Sandoa Kapanga Luozi Kasanza Ingende Bikoro Ruki Befale Bolomba Bongandanga Bomongo Budjala Kungu Bosobolo Businga Monkoto Bokungu Ikela Djolu Bumba Aketi Dingila Bambesa Ango Bondo Poko Niangara Rungu M’zoro Faradje Mahagi Aru Watsa Wamba Bafwasende Banalia Basoko Bengamisa Isangi Yahuma Babeba Wagenia Wanie-Rukula Ubundu Opala Mambasa Irumu Budana Bunia Soleniama Djugu Kibombo Fizi Mangembe Kampene Pangi Uvira Mwenga Mungombe Walungu Shabunda Moga Shabunda Lulingu Kabare Kalehe Existing 220 kV transmission line Line in project HVDC Inga - Kolwezi Existing hydro power plant Hydro power plant in project Existing 110 - 132 kV transmission line Existing thermal power plant

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200 300 400 500 Kilometers

(")(*% (")(*% (")(*% (")(*% + + + + !*%%+ !*%%+ !*%%+ !*%%+

Hydro potential : 100.000 MW OF WHICH 56.000 MW at different sites spread all

• ver the country ;

44.000 MW concentrated at the Inga site. Equator Source: Africa Utility Week- Cape Town 2005

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INGA 1 DRC CURRENT CAPACITY 351 MW

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INGA II DRC EXISTING CAPACITY 1424 MW

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GRAND INGA POTENTIAL 39,000 MW INGA 3 POTENTIAL 3,500 MW

LARGE GENERATION SITES POTENTIAL IN DRC

Source: Africa Utility Week- Cape Town 2005

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D R CONGO TANZANIA MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE

NAKONDE KASAMA ISOKA CHINSALI MPOROKOSO LUWINGU MPIKA PENSULO SERENJE CHIPATA CHIRUNDU LEOPARDS HILL KARIBA SOUTH MUSONDA FALLS (5MW) LUSIWASI (12MW) MULUNGUSHI (20MW) MSORO LUNDAZI MFUE AZELE LUNSEMFWA (18MW) CHISHIMBA FALLS LUNZUA (0.75MW) MBALA SAMFYA KASHIKISHI PETAUKE MOMBUTUTA

To Sumbuwanga

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

ANGOLA

KALABO MONGU SENANGA SESHEKE SOLWEZI ITEZHI – TEZHI (120MW) VICTORIA FALLS (108MW) MUZUMA MICHELO LUANO KITWE MAPOSA KANSUSWA KABWE KAPIRI MPOSHI MPONGWE LUSAKA WEST KAFUE WEST KAFUE TOWN KAFUE LOWER (750MW) KAFUE GORGE 900MW(1080MW) KARIBA NORTH (600MW(750MW) LAKE KARIBA MAZABUKA MUMBWA MANSA MAMBILIMA KAFUE RIVER ZAMBEZI RIVER C H A M B E S H I R I V E R WEST LUNGA at West Lunga River (2.5MW) KASEMPA CHIKATA FALLS (3.5MW) MUFUMBWE LUKULU KAOMA 220kV 22o East 33.5o East 8o 18o KATIMA MULILO ZAMBEZI LUANGWA 132kV 88kV 66kV 330kV EXISTING POWER\SUBSTATIONS AND POWER LINES PROPOSED POWER\SUBSTATIONS AND POWER LINES 330kV 220kV 132kV 88kV 66kV HYDRO POWERSTATION SUBSTATION DIESEL STATION PROPOSED HYDROPOWERSTATION PROPOSED SUBSTATION PROPOSED DIESEL STATION CHONGWE CHAVUMA KABOMPO MWINILUNGA KANSANSHI LUMWANA (Mine) KAPUTA NCHELENGE CHAMA KUNDABWIKA (101MW) KABWELUME (62MW) KAWAMBWA TEA MBERESHI LUSIWASI EXTENSION (40MW) KARIBA NORTH EXTENSION (600MW(750MW) BATOKA GORGE (800MW) DEVILS GORGE (800MW) BWANA MKUBWA ROMA COV. NAMPUNDWE MAAMBA KATIMA MULILO KABOMPO Gorge (34MW) Luangwa Bridge Mkushi Mkushi Farm Block Mkushi Central

SHANGOMBO MUYOMBE

GENERATION SITES & TRANSMISSION LINES IN ZAMBIA

ZESCO

MPATA GORGE

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VICTORIA FALLS - ZAMBIA

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KARIBA NORTH - ZAMBIA

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Chikata Falls : Site for a proposed Hydro- Power Station in North Western Part of ZAMBIA MORE GENERATION SITES IN ZAMBIA

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL ASPECTS LARGE GENERATION SITES LARGE GENERATION SITES

• ECONOMY OF SCALE & BASE LOAD

– Large generation units less expensive per KW as fixed costs are spread over large kilowatts of capacity – Can be used for base load generation

• DAM SAFETY

– Critical for large sites considering huge volumes of water

• POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

– Large generators provides better reactive capability limits & hence contribute to system stability

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL ASPECTS HV INTERCONNECTORS HV INTERCONNECTORS

• ECONOMICAL INTERCHANGE

– Utility with surplus efficient generation can sell to those in deficit at lower rates as compared to own generation

• DIVERSITY INTERCHANGE

– Interconnections allow utility to exchange power when the times of peak loads differ, also hydrology, generation types, seasons, etc

• POWER TRANSFER LIMITS OF TRANSMISSION LINES

– Any transmission line has a definite limit to the power it can deliver. – Transmission lines from large generation sites may require uprating

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL ASPECTS HV INTERCONNECTORS HV INTERCONNECTORS

Development of large generation sites will lead to more HV interconnection which requires: Coordinated planning Coordinated operations Close corporation between utilities through power pools

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL ASPECTS HV INTERCONNECTORS HV INTERCONNECTORS

• LINE INSULATION

– High Voltage required to transfer huge amounts of power – High voltage lines will require high insulation levels which comes with higher costs

• SELECTION OF ECONOMICAL ROUTES

– Internationalised transmission lines may have to pass through other countries necessitating way leave consents, environmental approvals, licensing, etc – Line route selection to consider factors such as loads on route, line length, etc

• NUMBER OF CIRCUITS

– Minimum two circuits to enhance security of supply

• STANDARD VOLTAGES

– Utilities could be using different standards in developing their systems making it difficult for interconnection.

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TECHNICAL ASPECTS TECHNICAL ASPECTS HV INTERCONNECTORS HV INTERCONNECTORS

• MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE LINES

– Improved design of towers could lower costs

• RELIABILITY AND SAFETY OF LINE

– Better insulation and gap clearances required – Better lightning protection

• JOINT POWER SYSTEM STUDIES

– System studies will be necessary to ensure the large power network performed well

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS LARGE GENERATION SITES LARGE GENERATION SITES

Ranking of hydropower projects according to their environmental aspects

• Will allow Africa to generate power from less

environmentally sensitive areas

• Provides an opportunity to develop environmentally friendly

energy Dams construction Helps in harvesting and conservation of water and assist in flood controls Supports wild life Improves quality of life as fishing and sporting activities benefits residents

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WILD ANIMALS AS TOURIST ATTRACTION BIRDS

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GIRAFFE MIGHT VICTORIA FALLS

TRADITIONAL CEREMONY

LION

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS LARGE GENERATION SITES LARGE GENERATION SITES

Fishery – Dam barriers will impair fish migration Flora and Fauna will be affected Displacement of people Soils: Construction of access roads leads to soil erosion Loss of heritage sites These aspects can however be mitigated through adequate compensation and resettlement of people.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS HV INTERCONNECTORS HV INTERCONNECTORS

• Way leave acquisition a challenge
• Vegetation removal to be minimized
• Resettlement of communities may arise
• Compensation quite costly
• Opening up of closed conservation areas

such as forestry and game reserves

• Displacement of habitat

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INVESTOR CONCERNS INVESTOR CONCERNS

• Power projects require large investment that

can only be recouped over a long term 15 – 25 years

• Investors are therefore concerned with

– Political risks and armed conflicts – Financial risks – Exchange control regulations – Externalisation of funds issues – Exchange rates fluctuations

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ADDRESSING THE CONCERNS ADDRESSING THE CONCERNS

• NEPAD would play a major role in addressing

the concerns raised by investors through

– Promoting regional co-operation – Providing a common platform to facilitate investments

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ROLE FOR NEPAD? ROLE FOR NEPAD?

• Assist in marketing the African continent and hence attract

investors capable of financing the large and capital intensive energy projects.

• Large projects such as construction of power stations and HV

interconnectors may be not be financed by one country alone.

• NEPAD will provide a common platform to facilitate attractive

environment for investors.

• Assist countries raise finance for the projects
• Support the African Standardisation Initiative through African

Standardisation Electrotechnitical Commission (AFSEC)

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CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

• Internationalisation of large generation sites and high

voltage interconnectors is very important for Africa.

• stimulate development and increase access to

electricity

• pooling of resources and regional co-operation

essential

• Technical and environmental aspects can be

managed through standardisation, careful selection

• f projects and management thus reducing overall

costs and project implementation time.

• NEPAD is a catalyst to help achieve the objective of

lighting up Africa at a lower cost

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THANK YOU THANK YOU