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ASSESSMENT OF THE COMMUNITY MANAGED PROJECTS (CMP) APPROACH IN DEVELOPING RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES: A case of Pawe and Mandura woredas, North Eastern part of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State

By: Meron Mebrahtu Advisor: Dr. Gashaw Yayehyirad October, 2012

 Water supply problem in Ethiopia has multiple impacts on people's health preventing the country from reaching its development potential  The UAP has been adopted in 2006, to achieve 98% water supply access for rural settings by 2012.  The governments of Finland and Ethiopia have been bilaterally working since 1994  And now putting an effort to accelerate implementation and improve sustainability of schemes to achieve the UAP

1.1. Background

CMP

 Is a set up approach to implement sustainable water supply

schemes  Evolved in 2003/04 in Amhara Region  Piloted in of five woredas of the BGNRS since 2008

• 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

1.2. Description of the study areas

The woredas have very different features in various criteria Topography Geological formation Settling pattern Origin of residents Socio cultural condition Exposure to developed schemes Hydro geologic setting Progress in water supply coverage with CMP approach

1.2. Description of the study areas … Contd.

 Progress of all the five woredas under the program

1.2. Description of the study areas … Contd.

Progress on water supply coverage in the program woredas

Coverag e before planning phase Coverag e, June 2009 Coverage, June 2010 Coverage, June 2011 Total change in coverage Bullen 17% 26% 48% 78% 64% Dibate 30% 35% 45% 48% 18% Mandura 37% 44% 50% 52% 15% Pawe 12% 22% 46% 86% 74% Wombera 16% 20% 30% 41% 25%

 Though performance of the CMP approach can be different among different areas of social, economical and environmental conditions, no scientific studies have been done on the performance of the approach in woredas of the Benishangul Gumuz region.  Therefore, particular study to recognize and confirm its relevance for specific situations is important because amendments or shift to another approach might be required under different circumstances.

1.2. Problem statement … Contd.

1.3. Objective of the study

General objective  The main objective of this research is to assess effectiveness

• f the CMP approach, which is implemented to develop rural

water supply schemes in two woredas of the Benishangul Gumuz regional state, Pawe and Mandura woredas.

1.3. Objective of the study … Contd.

Specific Objective The specific objectives of the research work are:  To assess how elements of the approach have been put in place (its applicability and acceptance) to have an effect on its performance  To measure the performance of the approach in the two woredas  To identify the challenges, gaps and opportunities of the approach under different the situations and  To recommend a way forward

• Sampling

 Discussions - with the CMP supervisors and senior technical experts (one from each woreda). Water points - by stratified random sampling to get good representative data. Based on scheme types (HDW or SPD) and year of construction. Household respondents – two from every 500m, 1000m and 1500m distances from the water point

• Analysis

 Quantitative analysis (MS-EXCEL and SPSS) Qualitative (descriptions to complement quantitative data)

• 2. Methodology

• 3. Framework of the study

 First, it was checked if efforts have been put in place and its acceptability before evaluating accomplished results.  Performance of the approach for each woreda was evaluated based on efficiency in implementing schemes and sustainability

• f the systems.

 Accordingly, sustainability was measured up on achieving its determinants.  These determinants are taken as performance indicators to evaluate the approach.

 The determinants of sustainability considered here are;

• Appropriateness of sites selected
• Appropriateness of implemented technologies
• Quality of built facility
• Protection of water points
• Efficiency of community financing O & M

 Some of these indicators of sustainability are divided into sub- indicators, to address technical, social and financial issues.  And scores were given to indicators and sub-indicators based

• n information obtained from interviews, discussions and

field observations.

• 3. Framework of the study

… Cont’d

 Finally, from the scores of the indicators, averages were drawn to obtain an overall impression of the indicators concerned. Note: All the parameters were assumed to have equal weights.

• 3. Framework of the study

… Cont’d

4.1. General

Location of sampled water points in Mandura woreda

Legend

Sampled water points Boundary of Mandura Woreda

11,000 22,000 33,000 44,000 5,500 Kilometers

±

Wehba Djana Kusha Wagdi Dafilli Kuraiti Dudre no 2 near to school

Location of sampled water points in Pawe woreda

• 4. 1. General

… Contd.

Mender 5 Mender 3 Mender 30 Mender 134 Addis sefer Felegeselam Mender 11 (2-3)

• a. Decentralization
• Regional level, woreda and communities are main institutions

running implementation procedures

• regional level water bureau carried out annual planning and

monitoring works

• local government

 promoted CMP,  approved budget,  evaluated applications,  provided working material and  technical support through CMP technical team and supervisors

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.1. Management System

• WASHCOs also knew their responsibility for:-

Organizing community participation Contracting and procuring goods and services Construction follow up and Fully managing operation and maintenance of their facility

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.1. Management system …Contd.

• CMP bank accounts exist and all WASHCos replied that they

withdraw money to issue payments for procured construction materials and services.

• Regional finance bureau and Woreda WASH team can only

freeze or transfer fund and monitor utilization.

• decentralized decision making and financial management system

exists

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.1. Management system …Contd.

• b. Demand responsiveness

 Promotion works have been done to inform communities

• on the benefit of using protected water sources so that

demand for the service will be created and

• on the procedures of CMP

 All respondents replied that they showed their demand for the service by contributing the required upfront cash willingly while applying for fund.  This shows that all projects are demand responsive.

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.1. Management system …Contd.

• c. Female participation

 Participation of females is a determinant factor for achieving sustainability.  As per the CMP, 40% female members should constitute the selected WASH committee.  As per the discussions with WASHCOs,

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.1. Management system …Contd.

 Women WASHCOs are also required to hold executive posts  In addition to being water committee, females are encouraged to participate as artisans and caretakers to maximize the advantage from their role,  General participation of females in the program  however, their involvement is limited.

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.1. Management system …Contd.

WASHCOs (%) Artisans (%) Caretakers (%) M F M F M F 60 40 100.0 0.0 77.4 22.65

• a. Community Participation

 As per CMP, communities should participate starting from planning stage to create ownership feeling  100% of the respondents answered that they participated in planning and selecting water point locations together with woreda experts.

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.2. Ownership feeling development

• b. Community contribution

 Contributions generally indicate that communities demand the service which intern is a condition create ownership feeling  As per the household interviews made, all communities contributed their share to the initial cost of implementation willingly  From secondary data collected, contributions were more than the required

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.2. Ownership feeling development …Contd.

 Community contributing free labor

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.2. Ownership feeling development …Contd.

• a. Capacity building and trainings

 The CMP approach requires trainings to relevant stakeholders at Woreda and community levels to build capacity for efficient performance and decision-making.  As per the discussion with Woreda technicians and WASHCOs,

• Woreda experts were trained by trainers from zonal level
• trained Woreda expert turn in gave suitable theoretical and practical

trainings to WASHCOs, artisans and caretakers.

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.3. External support

• b. Post construction support

 The CMP approach requires communities to receive assistance from woreda authorities after commissioning  Visits by Woredas after construction of schemes as per replies from WASHCOs  There is no regular assistance and close external support provided to communities after construction.

4.2. CMP protocol 4.2.3. External support … Contd.

4.3.1. Efficiency in implementation  Percentage of achieved target with respect to number of population served, will be taken as performance indicator of the approach.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.1. Efficiency in implementation

Woreda Planned number

• f populations to

be served Actual number

• f populations

served Percentage of population served

Mandura 10,980 10,230 93.2% Pawe 6750 12,000 178%

• a. Technical

 25% of the selected sites in Pawe woreda are located at water divide and function unreliably  25% of the selected sites in Pawe woreda are located very near to residential  Therefore, the score of the approach in meeting technical criteria on appropriateness of the sites selected is the average score of proximity from latrines and reliability of yield, that is, 100% for Mandura and 75% for Pawe.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.2. Appropriateness of source/sites selected

• b. Social

Summary of round trip time Furthermore, none of the interviewed beneficiaries raised psychological or cultural reasons against the sites selected therefore, 100% score will be given for the approach in both woredas. Average score of the sub indicator is 100% to Mandura and 95.25% for Pawe

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.2. Appropriateness of source/sites selected

Mandura woreda Round trip Time (min) Number of respondents Percentage of respondents <=30 48 100% 30 - 40 0% Pawe woreda Round trip Time (min) Number of respondents Percentage of respondents <=30 38 90.5% 30 - 40 4 4.4%

• a. Availability of spare parts

 All respondents, who faced failure of their water points, mentioned lack of convenient spare part supply as the main problem to provide timely maintenance  nearest spare part distributor is located in Chagni, where availability is not

• reliable. Another option is Bahirdar, which more than 150 kms away.

 Therefore, zero score is given to the approach with respect to ensuring this sub indicator for sustainability in both woredas

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.3. Appropriateness of implemented technologies

• b. Availability of local skill for maintenance

 despite the fact that well-known village level technology is implemented; trained caretakers at 75% and 25% of the water points in Mandura and Pawe respectively, where disrepair has occurred before, have not developed the capacity to carry out maintenance of hand pumps yet.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.3. Appropriateness of implemented technologies

• c. Cost and Affordability

 initial investment - Communities contributed the required amount willingly  Annual operation and maintenance cost required (calculated using annuity method) is below the amount of tariff most respondents consider as affordable  Technology type selected is appropriate with respect to cost and affordability.  100% score for the approach in both woredas

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.3. Appropriateness of implemented technologies

 Here observed cracks and proximity of washing slab from water points is considered to indicate quality of structures built

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.4. Quality of built facility

 Washing slab is located very near to the wells and it is not provided with proper drainage structure at 12.5% of the surveyed water points in Mandura and 25% in Pawe.  Therefore, the average performance of the approach measured with respect to attaining positive output under these sub indicator is 75% and 81.5% in Mandura and Pawe respectively.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.4. Quality of built facility

Guards  25% water points in Mandura and 87.5% in Pawe woredas have employed guards to protect the source from misuse and damage. Proper fencing  fencing work is not properly done or it is non-existent at all at 100% and 50% of visited schemes in Mandura and Pawe respectively,.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.5. Protection for water Points

Swampy area around wells  75% water points in Mandura and 87.5% in Pawe woredas are free of swampy surrounding.  Therefore, the average performance of the approach measured with respect to attaining positive output under these sub indicator is 33.3% and 75% in Mandura and Pawe respectively.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.5. Protection for water Points

a. Adequacy of tariff set  Required annual operation and maintenance cost, as calculated using annuity method is 2618.5birr that is, 4.5birr/month/household.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.6. Effectiveness of community financing for O & M

No. Woreda Water point (Gott name) Tariff set by WUGs at water points (birr) 1 Mandur a Wagdi 1.0 2 Kusha 5.0 3 near to school 0.0 4 Dudre no 2 1.0 5 Djana 10.0 6 Kuraiti 3.0 7 Wehba 0.0 8 Dafilli 1.0 No. Woreda Water point (Gott name) Tariff set by WUGs at water points (birr) 1 Pawe Felegeselam 1.0 2 Mender 134 6.0 3 Mender 11 (2-3) 2.0 4 Addis sefer 6.0 5 Mender 30 3.0 6 Mender 3 3.0 7 Mender 5 6.0 8 Mender 45 3.0

Therefore, only at 25% and 37.5% of the water points, tariff set is adequate

• b. Collecting Tariff

 As per the discussions with WASHCOs, there is no suitable collection mechanism and the tariff set has never been collected properly at 83.3% and 62.5% of water points in Mandura and Pawe woredas respectively.

• c. Sustainability of willingness to pay

 Again dependent on

• transparency in financial management
• Satisfaction of users with the service provided

 all respondents in both woredas replied that financial management is transparent and they thrust the committees.  60.4% of the users in Mandura and 62.5% consumers in Pawe did not have complaint on the volume of water provided.

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.6. Effectiveness of community financing for O & M

 37.5% of the surveyed water points in Mandura woreda and at all water points in Pawe woreda respondents queues for (more than 10 min).  Therefore, score given to the approach - average of the sub indicators, i.e., 74.3% for Mandura and 54.2% for Pawe

4.3. Performance of the approach 4.3.6. Effectiveness of community financing for O & M

4.4. Summery of evaluation results Mandura Woreda

Performance indicators of the approach Score

Sub indicators Indicators

• 1. Efficiency in implementation

93.2%

• 2. Appropriateness of sites selected

100% 2.1. Technical 100% 2.2. Social (acceptability) 100%

• 3. Appropriateness of implemented technologies

41.67% 3.2. Spare part availability 0% 3.3. Skill for maintenance 25% 3.4. Cost 100%

• 4. Quality of built facility

75.25% 4.1. Cracks 63% 4.2. Washing slab proximity to well 87.5%

• 5. Protection for water points

33.3% 5.1. Guards 25% 5.2. Fencing 0% 5.3. Free of swampy surrounding 75%

• 6. Efficiency of community financing for O & M

39% 6.1. Adequacy of tariff 25% 6.2. Collecting tariff 16.7% 6.3 Sustainability of willingness to pay 74.3% AVERAGE SCORE OF ALL INDICATORS

63.69%

4.4. Summery of evaluation results Pawe woreda

Performance indicators of the approach Score Sub indicators Indicators

• 1. Efficiency in implementation

93.20%

• 2. Appropriateness of sites selected

85.13% 2.1. Technical 75% 2.2. Social (acceptability) 95.25%

• 3. Appropriateness of implemented technologies

58.33% 3.2. Spare part availability 0% 3.3. Skill for maintenance 75% 3.4. Cost 100%

• 4. Quality of built facility

81.50% 4.1. Cracks 88% 4.2. Washing slab proximity to well 75%

• 5. Protection for water points

75.00% 5.1. Guards 87.50% 5.2. Fencing 50% 5.3. Free of swampy surrounding 87.50%

• 6. Efficiency of community financing for O & M

36% 6.1. Adequacy of tariff 37.50% 6.2. Collecting tariff 37.50% 6.3 Sustainability of willingness to pay 54.2% AVERAGE SCORE OF ALL INDICATORS

72.7%

4.4. CHALLENGES, GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Challenges  Difficulty in finding professionals with higher qualifications  Sparse settlement in Mandura woreda  Environmental degradation  Poor literacy rate  Inaccessibility of some sites and remoteness of the areas  Traditionally, the majority of the work load in households is put on the shoulders of women resulting in inactive participation

4.4. CHALLENGES, GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Gaps  Poor emphasis on the importance of hydrogeologists  Shortage of dewatering pumps  Efforts for convenient spare part supply arrangement has been slow  Poor capacity of caretakers  Basic concepts on construction quality are not included in WASHCO training manuals  Poor emphasis on post construction follow-up and support  Focus on low cost technologies

4.4. CHALLENGES, GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Opportunities  Wider understanding and awareness on the importance of safe water supply is created  Efforts to decentralize decision-making and fund flow to community level have increased the motivation and morale of the communities to develop more water points.  woredas have reduced burden from controlling expenses due to the involvement of the final user in managing fund flow, they have more time to assist projects now.  Existence of scheme level responsible body focusing on a particular task  The establishment and participation of the WASHCOs from the planning stage of the project has created better ground for participation and skill transfer into the community  Setting the minimum number of female in the WASHCOs has created an

• pportunity for them to participate in the whole process

• 5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 CONCLUSION

 The approach has been satisfactorily put in place as per the requirement of CMP except loose post construction support in both woredas.  Performance of the approach in both woredas is above average.  Poor availability of spare parts and inefficient community financing were major problems hindering performance in both woredas.  Additionally poor skill of caretakers and poor protection for water points contributed for the lower performance in Mandura woreda.

5.2. RECOMMENDATION

 At least one hydrogeologist should be employed at woreda level  Critical equipments such as dewatering pumps should be readily and sufficiently available and woredas  Main spare parts should be supplied to communities until private sectors emerge.  WASHCOs should also be given training on basic technical concepts of scheme construction so that their closer presence will also have an input

• n construction quality

 WASHCOs should be trained on tariff collection mechanisms from permanent and temporary users.  WASHCOs should get refresher trainings and ongoing support on management issues to keep them motivated.  Caretakers need intensive and recurrent refresher trainings  Catchment protection works should be promoted together with woreda agricultural desk and follow up is required on its implementation

Thank You