Poultry PT Blood Testing School 2020 by Terry H. Conger, DVM, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Poultry PT Blood Testing School 2020 by Terry H. Conger, DVM, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Poultry PT Blood Testing School 2020 by Terry H. Conger, DVM, Ph.D Poultry Health Specialist/Epidemiologist Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri,

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Poultry PT Blood Testing School

2020

by

Terry H. Conger, DVM, Ph.D

Poultry Health Specialist/Epidemiologist

Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, & Oklahoma

USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services FiOps District 4

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Overview of Topics

  • Importance of Poultry Industry in

Arkansas

  • Reasons for Poultry Disease

Surveillance

  • Overview of Virulent Newcastle Disease
  • Overview of Avian Influenza
  • Biosecurity: The Key To Preventing

Infectious Diseases in Poultry

  • Emphasizing the Role of P-T Testers
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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

  • S. Watkins

Concentrated Areas of Poultry Industry in U.S.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

US Per Capita Consumption of Meat

(Retail Weight in Pounds)

Source: USDA *-Projected

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

US Historical Retail Price for Beef, Pork, Broilers

(cents/pound) Source: USDA-Economic Research Service

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Poultry Industry in Arkansas

In top 3 states in broiler production:

  • Producing over 970 M to 1 B broilers/year;
  • 6-7 billion pounds/year
  • value of $3-4 billion/year

Ranking 3rd or 4th in turkey production:

  • 30 million turkeys, 603 million pounds/year
  • value of over $450 million/year

10th to 12th in the U.S. for table egg production ~3 billion eggs valued at >$480 million/year

The Arkansas Poultry Federation

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Poultry is Economically Essential in Arkansas

5,895 Poultry Farms 41,816 jobs 22 complexes that process 30 million/week One new complex plus another in the works $1.24 billion in wages $3.5 billion in cash receipts 76.5% of all agriculture cash receipts 1 in 4 agriculture jobs

  • S. Watkins
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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Vegetables and Melons 0.4%

Fruits and Nuts 0.1%

Oil Crops 19.1% Broilers 35.7% Cotton 4.3% Corn 7.4% Wheat 2.5%

Rice 12.4%

Aquaculture, Honey and All Other Misc. Livestock 0.8% Hogs 1.0% Dairy Products, Milk 0.2%

Cattle and Calves 5.4%

Poultry & Eggs Excluding Broilers 8.6%

All Other Crops 0.6%

44.3% of All Commodities in Arkansas Are Poultry and Poultry Products

Arkansas Poultry Federation

Broilers, 35.7 %

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Poultry Disease Surveillance

Reasons for poultry disease surveillance:

  • Impact on poultry health
  • Impact on human health (zoonotic

diseases)

  • Economic Impact:
  • Interstate Commerce
  • International Commerce
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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Reason for Concern

Humans susceptible to:

Some strains of Avian Influenza Salmonella infection Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter jejuni Helicobacter pullorum Newcastle Disease Virus Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Mycobacterium avium

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Coalition of Forces in Disease Surveillance

PT Testers

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

You should be alert for any unusual signs of disease!

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

You will be testing for Salmonella pullorum-typhoid; but you should be aware of signs of reportable diseases: Two Foreign Animal Diseases:

  • Avian Influenza (LPAI & HPAI)
  • Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)

And economically important reportable diseases:

Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infectious Laryngotracheitis Mycoplasma meleagridis Mycoplasma synoviae

All of which display very similar clinical signs

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Newcastle Disease

Family Paramyxoviridae

Genus Avulavirus 9 serotypes Avian Paramyxovirus-1 thru 9 (APMV-1 to APMV-9)

Newcastle disease is APMV-1

Lentogenic, Mesogenic, Velogenic Neurotropic, Viscerotropic

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Newcastle Disease Pathotypes

Lentogenic Mesogenic Velogenic (vND)

Common Uncommon

Recently in So. California.

Subclinical Intermediate virulence: Occasional neurological . signs

Most serious poultry disease in world

Mild respiratory disease, decreased egg production & quality, weight loss Death without clinical signs

Negligible mortality Low mortality 95-100% mortality

No effect on trade Shut down trade

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

OIE Definition of Poultry

  • Domesticated birds, including backyard

poultry, used for the production of meat or eggs for consumption, for the production of

  • ther commercial products.
  • Birds that are kept in captivity for any reason
  • ther than those reasons referred to in the

preceding paragraph, including those that are kept for shows, races, EXHIBITION, competitions or for breeding or selling these categories of birds as well as pet birds,

are not considered to be poultry, so no

trade restrictions.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Exotic Newcastle Disease May Enter U.S.A. via Following Routes

  • Smuggled (fighting)

cocks

  • Exposed Psittacine

birds entering the U.S.

  • Exposed migratory

waterfowl (Double Crested

Cormorants & Northern Pintail dabbling ducks)

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Transmission Routes

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Morbidity/Mortality

Morbidity: up to 100% Mortality: 90%

Varies greatly depending on:

Virulence and strain Avian species and susceptibility of host Environmental conditions Vaccination history

Some species show few or no signs

Carrier state may exist

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Clinical Signs

Edema of head, especially around eyes Greenish, dark watery diarrhea Respiratory and neurological signs Signs vary with species and virulence

Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Clinical Signs

Neurological

Upper Respiratory

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Zoonotic Expression

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

History of Exotic Newcastle Disease (vND) in U.S. Poultry

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

END Affected Area, CA, NV, AZ

(2002-03)

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

2018-20 vND Incursion

  • On May 16, 2018, California

Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) officials reported a presumptive positive vND detection from a sample collected on May 15 by an accredited veterinarian from a chicken from a backyard premises in Los Angeles County, CA.

  • June 1, 2020, Regional Quarantine was

released.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Map of Affected Areas

(2018-20)

Siembieda

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Summary of Infected Premises

Production Type

Infected Premises

Backyard Exhibition

476 Backyard Non-Commercial Turkeys 1 Backyard Non-Commercial Poultry 1 Backyard Non-Commercial Chickens 1 Backyard Non-Commercial Table Eggs 6 Commercial Table Egg Layer 3 Commercial Table Egg Pullets 1 Live Bird Sales / Non-Slaughter 1 Live Bird Sales / Slaughter 1 Antibody/Research Facility 1 Retail Feed Store 4 Retail Pet Store 1 Veterinary Clinic 1 Total 498

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Infected Premises by County

County Confirmed Presumptive Dangerous Contact Grand Total

ALAMEDA

1 1

LOS ANGELES

46 4 94 144

RIVERSIDE

263 6 1,237 1,506

SAN BERNARDINO

161 12 517 690

SAN DIEGO

1 7 8

SAN JOAQUIN

1 1

VENTURA

1 1

Grand Total

473 22 1,856 2,351

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Surveillance & Biosecurity Scenario

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Surveillance Scenario

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - Oct 2005

Overview of Influenza Virus

Family Orthomyxoviridae Three main serotypes:

Type A

  • Affects multiple species, especially birds (avians)

Type B

  • Affects humans (seasonal flu)

Type C

  • Affects humans and swine
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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Overview of Influenza A Viruses

(continued)

Influenza A viruses can be divided into

16 Hemagglutinin (H) antigen and 9 Neuraminidase (N) antigen

groups (144 possible combinations) Extreme antigenic variability brought about by genetic reassortment in host cells.

  • V. Manalo, Pitt.Edu
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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Influenza Virus Serotype A

H5 and H7 causes

most severe disease in

birds Human disease caused by H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, N1, N2

Hemagglutinin (HA) Neuraminidase (NA)

N G

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Influenza A Viruses are classified in three pathogenic groups (instead of the formerly two, HPAI & LPAI):

  • 1. HPAI, which are mainly H5 & H7, but can

be any strain of Influenza A viruses

  • 2. LPAI, which are now only H5 & H7 subtypes.

These two subtypes can mutate, or reassert, to become HPAI.

  • 3. Influenza A Viruses of low pathogenicity

are in a separate class. Note: Only the first two groups are reportable.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

AI: Possible Routes of Entry?

LPAI/HPAI may be enter Arkansas via:

  • Exposure to Affected

Migratory Waterfowl

  • Imported (smuggled?)

Infected Birds

  • Mutation of LPAI into HPAI
  • Breach in Biosecurity
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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

HPAI Clinical Signs in Poultry

Most wild waterfowl are subclinical Infections in poultry:

  • Dyspnea and oral/nasal

discharges

  • Cyanosis of head, comb,

& waddle

  • Ataxia
  • Ruffled feathers
  • High mortality

Eye edema Tracheitis In coordination Hemorrhages Pancreatitis Epicardium Hemorrhages

James Hargreaves

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Most Significant Clinical Sign:

(HPAI)

High Mortality:

Approaches 100% in commercial poultry flocks Deaths within 2 to 12 days after first signs of illness Survivors in poor condition

James Hargreaves

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Transmission Routes of AI Virus

Pepina, et al.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Mixing of Migratory Waterfowl Flyways

Source: East Asian – Australasian Flyway Partnership Secretariat

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

2015 H5N2 HPAI Outbreak Summary

  • 21 states were affected
  • There were 232 premises positive

for HPAI (211 commercial & 21 backyard).

  • ~49.6 M commercial poultry were

affected

  • 7.5 M Turkeys
  • 42.1 M chickens
  • ~$1 B was spent by APHIS &

the U.S. Congress for the response.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

H5N2 HPAI Affected Flocks in the USA

10 77 110 10 2 1 1 1 3 5 2 1 2

Total # of Affected Flocks: 232 (211 Commercial & 21 Backyard)

2015

6 1

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

. Premises Detected for ALL STATES 12/10/14

to 6/25/15 Captive Wild, Backyard, Commercial

By Week

1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 12 19 34 31 38 25 12 16 20 3 1 10 5 40 35 30 25 20 15 Commercial Captive Wild Backyard

HPAI Outbreak 2014-2015 Epidemiological Information

June 26, 2015

25

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

HPAI in United States, 2016

  • On January 15th, 2016, NVSL-confirmed

H7N8 HPAI positive results from a

commercial turkey flock located in Dubois County, IN.

  • First detection of H7N8 HPAI in the U.S.
  • In the 10 km control zone, eight

additional commercial turkey flocks were confirmed at NVSL for H7N8 LPAI.

Paul Brennan

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Epidemiological Conclusion (Conger)

Initial H7N8 infection introduced onto one (of the 10) farm by a point source (direct or indirect exposure to affected waterfowl). H7N8 was spread to other 8 or 9 farms by contaminated personnel or vehicles. On one farm H7N8 LPAI was converted to HPAI by genetic insertion.

  • January 10, reduced water consumption was observed
  • January 13, mortality in the house jumped to 100
  • When first reported on the morning of January 14, mortality

was 500, by the end of the day it had reached 800

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Summary of AI in U.S. in March, 2017 All of NA Origin Carried by Migratory Waterfowl

State Gamebird Backyard Commercial Total Alabama (H7N9) 3 3 6 Georgia (H7N9) 1 3 Kentucky (H7N9) 1 1 2 Tennessee (H7N9) 2 3 (2 HPAI) 5 Wisconsin (H5N2) 1 (turkey) 1 Idaho (H5N2) 1 (mallard) 1 Total 1 6 9 16

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Summary of H7N3 HPAI Incursion in U.S., March, 2020

Source Migratory Waterfowl carrying NA Origin H7N3

  • First HPAI incursion since 2017
  • 11 H7N3 LPAI affected commercial turkey

flocks in North Carolina, 9 of which were under same management.

  • 2 affected commercial turkey flocks in

South Carolina:

  • One house out of four mutated into H7N3

HPAI

  • The other houses on the farm were H7N3

LPAI

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Biosecurity

The Primary and Most Important Tool to Prevent Disease Incursions

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

The Perpetuation of the Poultry Industry in Arkansas Depends On:

  • Persistent disease surveillance,

prevention, rapid response, and control.

  • As PT Testers, you are an integral

part of the surveillance team.

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceIn Conclusion:

As Pullorum-Typhoid Testers

In addition to performing the P-T Test according to protocol, and

  • Promoting Biosecurity
  • Disease Surveillance and

Control

  • Immediate Reporting of

possible FADs

…is VERY IMPORTANT!

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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Contact Information:

Terry H. Conger, DVM, PhD Poultry Health Specialist/Epidemiologist Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Oklahoma USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services FiOps District 4 1200 Cherry Brook Drive, STE 300 Little Rock, AR 72211 Office: (501) 224-9515 FAX: (479) 966-4683 Local Mailing Address: P.O. Box 826, Pea Ridge, AR 72751 Cell: (501) 804-9560 E-Mail: Terry.H.Conger@usda.gov