Portable fuel cell system s Jaeyoung Lee September 19, 2006 http:/ - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Portable fuel cell system s Jaeyoung Lee September 19, 2006 http:/ - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jun 01, 2023 130 likes •552 views

E lectrochemical R eaction & T echnology L aboratory (ERTL) System development of Portable fuel cells System development of Portable fuel cells System development of Portable fuel cells System development of Portable fuel cells Portable

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Portable fuel cell system s

Jaeyoung Lee

September 19, 2006

System development of Portable fuel cells System development of Portable fuel cells System development of Portable fuel cells System development of Portable fuel cells

Electrochemical Reaction & Technology Laboratory (ERTL)

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SLIDE 2

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Energy dem and & fuel cells

5

세계에너지 수요공급 전망 세계에너지 수요공급 전망

(Source: Energy Needs, Choices and Possibilities, Scenarios to 2050, Shell)

30%

  • Energy demand

(Source: Energy Needs, Choices and Possibilities, Scenarios to 2050, Shell)

30%

  • Capac ity

Capac ity Applic ation Applic ation F uel Cells F uel Cells

Mic ro de vic e

Mobile phone L ab-top c omputer

Small-sc ale po we r pla nt

E le c tric Ve hic le

Distrib ute d po we r syste m Po we r pla nt

mW

2W 50W

3kW 75kW MW μ-FC

  • FC

μ-FC

  • FC

DMFC DMFC DMFC DMFC

MCF C MCF C PAF C PAF C

PEMF PEMFC (H C (H2) PEMFC (H PEMFC (H2)

SOF C SOF C

DLFC

PFC PFC Pow er range: a few ~ ca. 3 kW

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I SSUES in com m ercialization

I SSUES

BOP

Fuel Cells

CUSTOMERS acceptance

EDUCATION SAFETY & COST CODE & STANDARD INFRASTRUCTURE BATTERY BATTERY PUMPS & Valve PCB BOARD (PMS) Fuel tank CATALYSTS MEMBRANES BPP & GASKETS STACK

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Choices

PFC PFC

μ μ-

  • SOFC

SOFC

DLFC DLFC

(FA, MeOH) μ-reformer & NaBH4

  • PEMFC

PEMFC

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Portable energy system s

DC power charging 3 ~ 4 hrs

Li polymer/ ion battery Micro PEMFC with reformer PEMFC with NaBH4 Direct liquid fuel cells

Methanol, gasoline & butane, etc. NaBH4 + NaOH Hydrogen Formic acid Methanol Ethanol

Portable application

IT devices Military systems Emergency case

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http:/ / w w w .h2 fc.re.kr

Components ~ 1.0L Fuel tank ~ 0.2L Average power = 25 W 10 hrs operation

  • Sep. 2005

LG Chem

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http:/ / w w w .h2 fc.re.kr

Systems ~ 1.0L

(230 x 82 x 53 mm3)

Fuel tank ~ 0.2L Average power = 20W 15hrs operation

  • Nov. 2005

April 2004

SAMSUNG

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SLIDE 9

http:/ / w w w .h2 fc.re.kr

Systems ~ ca. 1.0L Fuel tank ~ ca. 0.2L 20Whr 10hrs operation CeBIT 2004

PORTEGE M100

B5-sized sub-notebook PC

PORTEGE M300

B5-sized sub-notebook PC

CeBIT 2005

TOSHI BA

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CeBIT 2005 Systems ~ ca. 1.0L > Fuel tank ~ ca. 0.2L 10W

ANTI G

CeBIT 2006 CD-Rom size 45W / 8hrs 1.7kg Antig & AVC

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Systems ~ 1.0L Fuel tank = 250cc 10hr operation

  • Oct. 2004

WPC EXPO 2004

NEC

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HI TACHI

July 2004

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  • Jan. 2004

Systems ~ ?.?L

  • Ave. = 15W

10hr operation

Fujitsu & Millennium cell

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Panasonic

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Sanyo & I BM

April 2005

weighs 4.4 pounds 8 hrs operation a single 8-cubic inch fuel cartridge

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UltraCell

Production model will be available in 2007

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Sam sung SDI

Butane- PEMFC Power pack

220g 소형 부탄 캔 100W 평균 출력/ 5시간 이상 사용 레저용 소형 컬러TV (60W 기준)/ 8시간 노트PC (20W 기준)는 20시간 2007년 말 상용화 예정

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P-SOFC: Adaptive Materials, Inc.

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20W P-SOFC (AMI)

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Direct liquid fuel cells

Liquid fuels flow

Anode: CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 6H+ + 6e- Cathode: 1.5 O2 + 6H+ + 6e- = 3H2O Overall: CH3OH + 1.5O2 = CO2 + 2H2O HCOOH + 1.5O2 = CO2 + H2O HCHO + O2 = CO2 + H2O C2H5OH + 3O2 = 2CO2 + 3H2O

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non-toxic toxic non-toxic? toxic Toxicity High temp. reaction gas

  • etc
  • small ??

small large Cross-over very slow slow very fast slow Kinetics 6280

  • 2086

4690 Energy Density (Wh/L) 78

  • 23

100 65 Boiling Temp. (oC) 12 12 2 6 # of generated electrons

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3) Formic Acid (HCOOH) Methanol (CH3OH)

Alternative liquid fuels

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DLFC components to systems

Catalyst synthesis Catalyst Electrode Electrode fabrication Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) Stack System

Graphite bipolar plate

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Number of cell 6 Electrode area 106 cm2 Cell pitch 3.8mm Stack 49x105x161 (mm) Temperature Room temperature Operation conditions 2M MeOH @ 25CC/min & Air 12slm MEA Membrane Nafion-115 Anode 5mg PtRu/cm2 Cathode 5mg Pt/cm2 Maximum Performance = 54W, 90mW/cm2

50W DMFC Stacks 50W DMFC Stacks

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Stack Power 7 slm Dry Air 12 slm Dry Air 17 slm Dry Air

Current (A) Voltage (V)

10 20 30 40 50 60

Power (W)

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 Cell 6 20 40 60 80 100 120

Power Density (mW/cm

2) Maximum Power Density 2 M MeOH 1.5 M MeOH 1 M MeOH 0.5 M MeOH

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LCD TV ( 5 0 W ) operation

Fuel tank (1.5M/500cc) Gas-liquid separator STACK Liquid pump x 12V DC-DC converter PROBLEMS PROBLEMS (a) low cell potential of about 2.3V low conversion efficiency (ca. < 70%) (b) Uneasy of heat management: over 80°C

2004 August 2004 August

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HCOOH e e e e H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ e e e e O2 H2O CO2

  • High thermodynamic potential
  • Fast oxidation kinetics
  • Lower cross-over
  • Non-toxic & Easy handling of fuels
  • Low temp. operation
  • Simple device
  • Sufficient fuels

Anode: HCOOH → CO2 + 2H+ + 2e- Cathode: 1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → H2O HCOOH + 1/2 O2 → CO2 + H2O 1.45 V

Direct formic acid fuel cells

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KI ST DLFC system

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http:/ / w w w .h2 fc.re.kr

Goal in 2005 Summer- Dem onstration

Fuel Cell Stack 2005: 30W/600cc 2007: 30W/500cc (6.0V, 5.25A) Fuel Cartridge Liquid Recirculation Pump Air Compressor Gas-Liquid Separator Sensor Fuel Cell Stack Control Electronics Power Regulation Device & battery Mixing Chamber & Control Valve BOP 2005: 600cc 2007: 300cc Air Blower

Lap Lap-

  • top computer

top computer

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5 m onths later

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Stack development

15 cells stack Max power : 50 W Normal power: 25W (5.6V, 4.5A) Size: 88 x 70 x 50 (mm) , 308 cc

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The test of small DFAFC stack

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 50 100 150 200 250 i (m W cm

  • 2)

E (V) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 p (mW cm-2) and T (oC V V/Cell p 6 M FA am bient air Anode: PtRu Cathode: Pt Nafion 115

OCV : 1.664 V 0.555V Max (P) : 74.7 mW/ cm 2 (continuously increasing) I nteresting zone

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Optimization of stack materials

Gasket Bipolar Plate

simple and efficient YES Yes adhesive PTFE labor intensive YES Medium epoxy+silicone inconsistent thickness YES Medium grey silicone difficult to manufacture NO Yes PTFE-coated epoxy difficult to manufacture NO No glassy epoxy easy to manufacture NO Yes PTFE fail under higher compression NO Medium red silicone

Other Considerations Sealing Integrity Compatible with FA Gasket Material

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 50 100 150 200 i (mA cm-2) E / V 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 p (mW cm-2)

Composite Material Graphite Material

SEALING SEALING is most important issue in a stacking of the cell s most important issue in a stacking of the cell

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100 200 300 400 500 25 30 35 40 45 2 M CH3OH 10 M HCOOH

I / mA cm

  • 2

Temp /

  • C

Optimization of operation conditions

100 200 300 400 500 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 2 M CH3OH 6 M HCOOH 10 M HCOOH 13 M HCOOH

I / mA cm

  • 2

E / V

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

P / mW cm

  • 2

50 100 150 200 250 300 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.5 cc/min 3.0 cc/min 4.5 cc/min

I / mA cm

  • 2

E / V

20 40 60 80

P / mW cm

  • 2

100 200 300 400 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 250 cc/min 500 cc/min 750 cc/min

I / mA cm

  • 2

E / V

20 40 60 80 100

P / mW cm

  • 2

Concentrations Temperature Formic acid flow rate. Air flow rate.

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PMS block diagram for DLFC

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Home-built PCB board

Liquid pump: 7.1 V operation cooling fan: 3ea (12V operation) Air pump:12V operation Voltage range: 4.5V ~ 8.3V (buffer) Initial start-up: double touch of 8.3V Current range: max. 7.5A Battery capacity: <10whr

board size: PCB board (with case) size: 80mm x 60mm x 20mm (96cc)

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Dynam ic response

15 16 17 18 19 20 25 50 75 100 125 time / s P / W 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 I / A Power Current

15 MEA stack HCOOH (6M): 26 ml/min Dry air = 4600 sccm The stack temp. = 45 oC.

The fast recover of a performance auxiliary power equipment is not needed.

(to ac t as a BUF F E R be twe e n the po we r de mands o f sta c k and its transie nt re spo nse )

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System optimization

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 20 40 60 80 100 120 E / V 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 T /

  • C

stack attached to PCB board notebook power on

notebook brightness set to 75%

started playing an MP3 started dummy liquid pump

stack temp reaches 60oC, cooling fan on

2 4 6 8 10 10 20 30 40 time (min) E / V 20 40 60 80 100 T /

  • C

Voltage Temperature

OCV 3.0A 92 mA cm-2 4.0A 123 mA cm-2 4.9A 150 mA cm-2

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DLFC & Notebook computer

  • ’05. 12.
  • DFAFC
  • 50W max
  • 25W norm.
  • 1.15L system
  • 0.3L stack
  • 0.3L fuel tank
  • 8 hour

LG Chem Sam sung Toshiba NEC KI ST

  • ’05. 09.
  • DMFC
  • 25W norm.
  • 1.0L system
  • 0.2L fuel tank
  • 10 hour
  • ’05. 03.
  • DMFC
  • 20Wh
  • 1.0L system
  • 0.2L fuel tank
  • 10 hour
  • ’05. 11.
  • DMFC
  • 50W max
  • 20W norm.
  • 1.0L system
  • 0.2L fuel tank
  • 15 hour
  • ’04. 10.
  • DMFC
  • 1.0L system
  • 0.25L fuel

tank

  • 10 hour
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Efficiency

Stack efficiency ηstack = Pstack / Ptheoretical = 0.35 (21W @ 6M & 60°C) BOP efficiency (Pnet output = the power available to the laptop computer) ηBOP = Pnet output / Pstack = 0.65

air compressor cooling fans −0.35 = (3.8W + 2.2W + 0.14W + 0.6W) / 21W power conditioning liquid pump

PCB board efficiency ηPCB board = 0.88 Total efficiency ηstack × ηBOP = 0.23

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SLIDE 39

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Concluding rem arks Sealing & Cooling (Stack)

Key issues

Power management system needed

(Fuel Cells – Battery – Capacitor)

BOP (Liquid pump, Air pump and fan)

should be developed.

Catalyst – Membrane – BPP

(Still problems?)

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Sm all group, but great m em bers

MEA/GATALYST GDL STACKING/ GASKET SYSTEM

CNL Seunglim Carbon Adelpia Lab. Design Dream FHI E-Lab

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Plan by 2007/ E

  • Electrocatalyst: Pt or Au or Pd based anode
  • Mem brane: high protonic conductivity & low cost
  • Catalyst Loading: 4.0 2 .5 m g/ cm 2
  • Power density: 70 9 0 m W / cm 2
  • Stack size: min. 35% down (300 195 cc)
  • The total volume of the system: 1.45L less than 0 .9 5 L

(BOP should be miniaturized)

Co-w ork with lap-top com puter com pany to make one-body systems