Plasma applications in Energy Nuclear Fusion & Geothermal 4 th - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Plasma applications in Energy

Nuclear Fusion & Geothermal 4th Spring Plasma School at Port Said Mohamed Ezzat1

ETH-Zurich, Switzerland. Mansoura University, Egypt

March 12, 2019

1m.ezzat@erdw.ethz.ch

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 1 / 59

Who is speaking?

2015: BSc of Physics, Mansoura University. 2015: Demonstrator at Physics Dept., Mansoura University 2018: MSc of Nuclear fusion, Europe (Ghent, Stuttgart, UC3M, Ciemat) Thesis: Modeling vs Exp for impurity transport in Stellarator Plasma. Now: Scientific assistant (S. PhD), Geophysics institute, ETH-Zurich. Thesis: Pulsed Plasma rock interaction for Geothermal Deep drilling.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 2 / 59

Motivation

Generally To introduce you to one of the essential plasma application, clean and safe energy sources, if it isn’t the most important one. Specifically

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 3 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 4 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 5 / 59

Energy sources

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 6 / 59

Each source contribution

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 7 / 59

Energy reservoirs estimation

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 8 / 59

Nuclear fusion and Geothermal energy (Why?)

Fuel: Waste: Tech.:

The Sun Wind & Solar

fluctuated clean available

Fossil fuels

limited CO2 available Fuel: Waste: Tech.:

Nuclear fission

inhomogeneous radioactive - no CO2 available (risk)

Nuclear fusion

unlimited radioactive (∼100 yrs) ∼ in 2050

Geothermal

unlimited clean drilling chall.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 9 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 10 / 59

Challenges

Fusion: Temperatures in 150 million degree range Confinement for enough time. Geothermal: at 5-10 km depth Deep drilling economically.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 11 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 12 / 59

What is Plasma? (Qualitative description)

Plasma is:

1

a Greek word (πλασµα) that means "moldable substance".

2

quasineutral gas with collective behaviour.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 13 / 59

What is Plasma? (Qualitative description)

Plasma is:

1

a Greek word (πλασµα) that means "moldable substance".

2

quasineutral gas with collective behaviour.

Irving Lngmuir 1928

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 13 / 59

What is Plasma? (Qualitative description)

"Plasma is the 4th state of matter" isn’t accurate, since the transi- tion to plasma happens grad- ually at all temperatures not totally at specific temperature

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 14 / 59

What is Plasma? (Qualitative description)

"Plasma is the 4th state of matter" isn’t accurate, since the transi- tion to plasma happens grad- ually at all temperatures not totally at specific temperature Meghnad Saha has introduced his equa- tion in 1920 that relates the ionization degree with the pressure and the temper- ature at the equilibrium state. It resides

• n Quantum and Statistical Mechanics.

Saha equation

ni nf = 3 × 1027 T 3/2

e

ni exp

• − Eion

Te

• Eion : ionization energy [eV]

nn : neutral density [cm−3] ni : ions density [cm−3] Te : Temperature [eV] Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 14 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

Quasineutrallity defined in terms of Debye shielding:

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 15 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

Quasineutrallity defined in terms of Debye shielding:

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 16 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

Quasineutrallity defined in terms of Debye shielding:

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 16 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

Plasma parameter ND = ne

• 4

3πλ3 D

cm−3

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 17 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

Eext

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 17 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

Eext − + Eint Plasma frequency ωpe =

• e2

ǫ0me ne

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 17 / 59

What is Plasma? (Quantitative description)

The ionized gas is called plasma if and only if: Quasineutraity:

1

Debye shielding: λD

L << 1, where L is the medium space.

2

Collective behaviour: ND >> 1

Stability of quasineutrality: ωpe

νei >> 1 , where νei electron-ion collision

frequency. Plasma classifications:

1

Ideal plasma:

W K.E << 1

2

Relativistic plasma:

Eth Er est >> 1

3

Quantum plasma: Eth ∼ Ef where W, K.E, Eth, Erest and Ef are the potential, kinetic, thermal, rest mass and Fermi energies.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 18 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 19 / 59

Nuclear Energy (what people memories!)

atomic bomb by US left: Hiroshima right: Nagassaki Japan 1945 Chernobyl disaster Russia, April 1986 Fukushima disaster Japan, March 2011

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 20 / 59

Nuclear Energy (what people forget!)

Energy contribution (10%)

Live source Radio therapy

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 21 / 59

Nuclear energy concept (binding energy curve)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 22 / 59

Nuclear energy concept (fission vs fusion)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 23 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 24 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (in stars)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 25 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (1st application)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 26 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Keywords)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 27 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (controlled on earth)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 28 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Cross section)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 29 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Cross section)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 30 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Reaction rate)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 31 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Reaction rate)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 32 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Lawson criteria - ignition)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 33 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Lawson criteria - ignition)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 34 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Confinement)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 35 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 36 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 37 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Stellerator)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 38 / 59

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Fusion theory and confinement (Tokamak)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 39 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 40 / 59

Challenges (Confinement time predictions)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 41 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 42 / 59

Geothermal Energy (Source and where )

Origin: Conduction of the molten core to space plus radioactive decays of minerals (e.g Uranium) causes earth’s crust to be warm (∼ 1000◦).

Geothermal heat pumps Traditional hydrothermal Deep Geothermal Purpose: Direct heating Electricity gene. Electricity gene. Depth: shallow (few meters) 0-2 km 5-10 km Drilling: Available Oil tech. Challenging Locations: Everywhere Tectonic fractures Everywhere

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 43 / 59

Geothermal Energy (Plant designs)

Dry (100-320o) Flash (∼ 180o) Binary (∼ 70o) Images source (28.10.2018):2 The less the temperature the higher complexity in the design.

2https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 44 / 59

Geothermal Energy (Our design)

Closed deep geothermal system modelling3

3Anna Simson Conduction - Geothermal Modelling Summer-work 2018

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 45 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 46 / 59

Drilling challenge

We require 5-10 km holes for 24/7 sustainable energy everywhere on the

• planet. Mechanical drilling is the dominant in oil industry but it has several

drawbacks;

1

Short life time of the bit: time consuming for replacement.

2

In case of bit breaking: a new hole have to be initiated.

3

Based on compressive strength (break from outside to inside) needs higher energy.

4

Stiffer plate required for harder rocks means higher energy consumption.

5

The hole diameter decreases with depth because of casing.

6

Mechanical drilling is more difficult (slow+expensive) in basement rock (e.g. granite).

7

Oil reservoirs aren’t normally this deep but deep geothermal wells requires drilling in basement rocks. Conclusion: Mechanical drilling can’t be used for 5-10 km economically.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 47 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 48 / 59

Plasma drilling (Plasma arc)

Arc in nature (lightining)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 49 / 59

Plasma drilling (Plasma arc)

Arc in nature (lightining) Arc in industry (welding)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 49 / 59

Plasma drilling (Plasma arc)

Arc in nature (lightining) Arc in industry (welding) How can we use this concept in drilling (Rock fracture)?

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 49 / 59

Plasma drilling (pulsed plasma concept)

How can we achieve Plasma arc? 1- Any dielectric medium (e.g air, rocks, ...) 2- Two electrodes 3- High voltage (> the medium breakdown voltage)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 50 / 59

Plasma drilling (pulsed plasma concept)

How can we achieve Plasma arc? 1- Any dielectric medium (e.g air, rocks, ...) 2- Two electrodes 3- High voltage (> the medium breakdown voltage)

Tonis Hobejogi, PhD thesis ETH-Zurich 2014

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 50 / 59

Plasma drilling (pulsed plasma concept)

How can we achieve Plasma arc? 1- Any dielectric medium (e.g air, rocks, ...) 2- Two electrodes 3- High voltage (> the medium breakdown voltage)

Tonis Hobejogi, PhD thesis ETH-Zurich 2014

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 50 / 59

Plasma Drilling (Technologies under investigations)

PLASMABIt- GA drilling comp.4 Rotating plasma-arc (heating based)

4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSAWjyAayg4

• 5E. Rossi et.al Rock mechanics and rock engineering vol. 51-9, 2018

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 51 / 59

Plasma Drilling (Technologies under investigations)

PLASMABIt- GA drilling comp.4 Rotating plasma-arc (heating based) Flame- jet spallation 5

4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSAWjyAayg4

• 5E. Rossi et.al Rock mechanics and rock engineering vol. 51-9, 2018

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 51 / 59

Plasma Drilling (Why?)

Why plasma drilling?

1

Contactless: longer life time of the bit => reduce the time wasted in replacement and the cost => cheaper and faster. w friction w/o friction

6PLASMABIT, GA-Drilling

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 52 / 59

Plasma Drilling (Why?)

Why plasma drilling?

1

Contactless: longer life time of the bit => reduce the time wasted in replacement and the cost => cheaper and faster.

2

Constant hole diameter because of conticase technology. w friction w/o friction Traditional casing Conticase tech6

6PLASMABIT, GA-Drilling

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 52 / 59

Plasma drilling (why pulsed plasma)

Why pulsed plasma drilling?

1

Low energy: because the fracture start from inside to outside (tensile strength not the compressive).

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 53 / 59

Plasma drilling (why pulsed plasma)

Why pulsed plasma drilling?

1

Low energy: because the fracture start from inside to outside (tensile strength not the compressive).

Tonis Hobejogi, PhD thesis ETH-Zurich 2014

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 53 / 59

Outline

1

Energy situation Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma

2

Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges

3

Geothermal energy Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project

4

Summary

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 54 / 59

Structure and status (2018-2021)

1

1:5 prototype model (hole diameter: 8 cm) – (Play video 00:55 - 02:45)

2

Simulation of plasma-arc formation ..... in progress

1:5 Model Pulse voltage: 200kV max. Pulse frequency: 7 Hz Pulse length: in µS Pulse energy: 32 J max. Bit diameter: 8 cm Pulse amplification: marx generator Drilling fluid water, 10-80µS/cm 7Under construction

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 55 / 59

Structure and status (2018-2021)

1

1:5 prototype model (hole diameter: 8 cm) – (Play video 00:55 - 02:45)

2

Simulation of plasma-arc formation ..... in progress

3

Swiss PPGD shallow (hole diameter: 35 cm) .... under construction.

1:5 Model Swiss PPGD Shallow7 Pulse voltage: 200kV max. 600kV max. Pulse frequency: 7 Hz 15 Hz Pulse length: in µS in µS Pulse energy: 32 J max. 5.25 kJ max. Bit diameter: 8 cm 35 cm Pulse amplification: marx generator marx generator Drilling fluid water, 10-80µS/cm Not defined yet 7Under construction

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 55 / 59

PPGD KTI Project (Swiss PPGD Shallow)

2.7.18 Kammermann Prozesstechnik Impuls-Generator Hochspannungsquelle Spülungslagertank Spülpumpe Entmineralisierung Hauptsteuerschrank Führungsstangen Bohrkopfführung Rückförderpumpe Versuchskessel Bohrlochrohr mit Fluidsammler Bohrkopf Cuttingseparierung Cuttingsammelbehälter Sedimentationsbecken

Versuchsanlage „Swiss PPGD shallow“

Büroraum

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 56 / 59

What we are looking for in the experiment?

Test the previous theoretical predictions by drilling for different rock conditions:

1

rock types .

2

drilling and pure fluids

3

chamber temperature.

4

pore pressure.

5

stratigraphic pressure.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 57 / 59

What we are looking for in the experiment?

Test the previous theoretical predictions by drilling for different rock conditions:

1

rock types .

2

drilling and pure fluids

3

chamber temperature.

4

pore pressure.

5

stratigraphic pressure.

bit parameters:

1

pulse voltage and increasing rate.

2

pulse duration

3

electrode configuration (shape and the gap distance)

4

pore pressure.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 57 / 59

What we are looking for in the experiment?

Test the previous theoretical predictions by drilling for different rock conditions:

1

rock types .

2

drilling and pure fluids

3

chamber temperature.

4

pore pressure.

5

stratigraphic pressure.

bit parameters:

1

pulse voltage and increasing rate.

2

pulse duration

3

electrode configuration (shape and the gap distance)

4

pore pressure.

Study plasma streamer formation and propagation via microwave tomography (under discussion).

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 57 / 59

Summary

What we present:

1

The priority of Nuclear fusion and Geothermal energy because both are safe, clean with available fuel.

2

Fusion reactors concept and its technology challenges (overcome approx. 2050 )

3

Plasma and pulsed plasma approach for deep geothermal drilling.

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 58 / 59

Summary

What we present:

1

The priority of Nuclear fusion and Geothermal energy because both are safe, clean with available fuel.

2

Fusion reactors concept and its technology challenges (overcome approx. 2050 )

3

Plasma and pulsed plasma approach for deep geothermal drilling. Home messages:

1

Nuclear fission and fusion are completely different.

2

Breakthroughs might happen at any time on both research directions.

3

Fusion progress in the last 10 years is huge on technology side.

4

Geothermal energy (moonshot drilling tool is the key)

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 58 / 59

Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 59 / 59