Plasma applications in Energy Nuclear Fusion & Geothermal 4 th Spring Plasma School at Port Said Mohamed Ezzat 1 ETH-Zurich, Switzerland. Mansoura University, Egypt March 12, 2019 1 m.ezzat@erdw.ethz.ch Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 1 / 59
Who is speaking? 2015: BSc of Physics, Mansoura University. 2015: Demonstrator at Physics Dept., Mansoura University 2018: MSc of Nuclear fusion, Europe (Ghent, Stuttgart, UC3M, Ciemat) Thesis: Modeling vs Exp for impurity transport in Stellarator Plasma. Now: Scientific assistant (S. PhD), Geophysics institute, ETH-Zurich. Thesis: Pulsed Plasma rock interaction for Geothermal Deep drilling. Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 2 / 59
Motivation Generally To introduce you to one of the essential plasma application, clean and safe energy sources, if it isn’t the most important one. Specifically Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 3 / 59
Outline Energy situation 1 Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma Nuclear fusion 2 Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges Geothermal energy 3 Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project Summary 4 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 4 / 59
Outline Energy situation 1 Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma Nuclear fusion 2 Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges Geothermal energy 3 Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project Summary 4 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 5 / 59
Energy sources Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 6 / 59
Each source contribution Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 7 / 59
Energy reservoirs estimation Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 8 / 59
Nuclear fusion and Geothermal energy (Why?) The Sun Wind & Solar Fossil fuels Fuel: fluctuated limited CO 2 Waste: clean Tech.: available available Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Geothermal inhomogeneous Fuel: unlimited unlimited radioactive ( ∼ 100 yrs) radioactive - no CO 2 Waste: clean Tech.: available (risk) ∼ in 2050 drilling chall. Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 9 / 59
Outline Energy situation 1 Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma Nuclear fusion 2 Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges Geothermal energy 3 Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project Summary 4 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 10 / 59
Challenges Fusion: Temperatures in 150 million degree range Confinement for enough time. Geothermal: at 5-10 km depth Deep drilling economically. Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 11 / 59
Outline Energy situation 1 Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma Nuclear fusion 2 Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges Geothermal energy 3 Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project Summary 4 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 12 / 59
What is Plasma? (Qualitative description) Plasma is: a Greek word ( πλασµα ) that means "moldable substance". 1 quasineutral gas with collective behaviour. 2 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 13 / 59
What is Plasma? (Qualitative description) Plasma is: a Greek word ( πλασµα ) that means "moldable substance". 1 quasineutral gas with collective behaviour. 2 Irving Lngmuir 1928 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 13 / 59
What is Plasma? (Qualitative description) "Plasma is the 4 th state of matter" isn’t accurate, since the transi- tion to plasma happens grad- ually at all temperatures not totally at specific temperature Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 14 / 59
What is Plasma? (Qualitative description) "Plasma is the 4 th state of matter" isn’t accurate, since the transi- tion to plasma happens grad- ually at all temperatures not totally at specific temperature Saha equation n f = 3 × 10 27 T 3 / 2 � � Meghnad Saha has introduced his equa- n i − E ion n i exp e T e tion in 1920 that relates the ionization E ion : ionization energy [eV] degree with the pressure and the temper- n n : neutral density [ cm − 3 ] ature at the equilibrium state. It resides n i : ions density [ cm − 3 ] on Quantum and Statistical Mechanics. T e : Temperature [eV] Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 14 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) Quasineutrallity defined in terms of Debye shielding: Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 15 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) Quasineutrallity defined in terms of Debye shielding: Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 16 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) Quasineutrallity defined in terms of Debye shielding: Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 16 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) Plasma parameter � � � 4 3 πλ 3 cm − 3 � N D = n e D Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 17 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) E ext Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 17 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) E int Plasma frequency � e 2 ω pe = ǫ 0 m e n e − + E ext Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 17 / 59
What is Plasma? (Quantitative description) The ionized gas is called plasma if and only if: Quasineutraity: Debye shielding: λ D L << 1, where L is the medium space. 1 Collective behaviour: N D >> 1 2 Stability of quasineutrality: ω pe ν ei >> 1 , where ν ei electron-ion collision frequency. Plasma classifications: W Ideal plasma: K . E << 1 1 E th Relativistic plasma: E r est >> 1 2 Quantum plasma: E th ∼ E f 3 where W , K . E , E th , E rest and E f are the potential, kinetic, thermal, rest mass and Fermi energies. Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 18 / 59
Outline Energy situation 1 Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma Nuclear fusion 2 Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges Geothermal energy 3 Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project Summary 4 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 19 / 59
Nuclear Energy (what people memories!) atomic bomb by US Chernobyl disaster Fukushima disaster Russia, April 1986 Japan, March 2011 left: Hiroshima right: Nagassaki Japan 1945 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 20 / 59
Nuclear Energy (what people forget!) Energy contribution (10%) Radio therapy Live source Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 21 / 59
Nuclear energy concept (binding energy curve) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 22 / 59
Nuclear energy concept (fission vs fusion) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 23 / 59
Outline Energy situation 1 Nuclear fusion & Geothermal (why?) Challenges What is plasma Nuclear fusion 2 Nuclear energy Fusion theory and confinement Reactors Tokamak vs Stellarator Challenges Geothermal energy 3 Source and where Drilling challenge Plasma drilling PPGD KTI Project Summary 4 Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 24 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (in stars) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 25 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (1st application) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 26 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (Keywords) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 27 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (controlled on earth) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 28 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (Cross section) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 29 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (Cross section) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 30 / 59
Fusion theory and confinement (Reaction rate) Mohamed Ezzat (GEG@ETH-Zurich) Plasma applications in Energy March 12, 2019 31 / 59
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