Planni Planning gs s Role ole in in Sus Sustain ainable le - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Planni Planning’ g’s s Role

• le in

in Sus Sustain ainable le Was aste te Manage Managemen ment

(Session #9109918)

Ning Ai, Nancey Green Leigh, and Elizabeth Balkan May 6, 2017

Session Overview

• APA 2017 PAS Report “Planning for

Sustainable Material and Waste Management” by Ning Ai and Nancey Green Leigh

• Interrelated MWM Planning Strategies

and Implications for Municipal Finance

• Economic Development from Waste

Diversion

• Zero Waste Planning Process and

Implementation in NYC

2

Speakers

Nancey Green Leigh, PhD. FAICP Professor; Associate Dean for Research, College of Design

3

Ning Ai, PhD. Assistant Professor University of Illinois at Chicago Elizabeth Balkan Director of Policy; Senior Advisor to the Commissioner at the NYC Department of Sanitation

Urban Planning’s Missed Opportunities

• Solid waste management is one of the largest items on the municipal budget for

many cities, exceeded only by schools and roads (Daniels 2014; World Bank 2012).

• Americans’ Per capita waste generation rate is one of the highest among developed

economies worldwide (World Bank 2012: OECD 2017; UNSD 2017).

• Landfills are the 3rd largest anthropogenic source of methane emissions, accounting

for 1/5 of the national total (US EPA 2016).

• Waste diversion creates businesses and jobs, but the potential has yet to be realized.
• Local planning tools are available to promote MWM data collection and equitable

MWM, as well as operation efficiency.

4

Key Challenges of MWM

• Local efforts vs. Global Impacts
• Efficiency vs. Equity
• Limited local data vs.

Regional Heterogeneity

• Short-term vs.

Long-term impacts

5

Ai, Ning. 2011. "Challenges of Sustainable Urban Planning: The Case of Municipal Solid Waste Management." Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Tech.

Sustainable MWM Planning Strategies

• Compliance and progressive zero waste plans
• Determine locally specific MWM methods
• Plan across environmental media
• Connections with other sustainability plans

Envir ironment

• Incorporate MWM considerations in new development reviews
• Decouple waste volume from economic and population growth
• Integrate material and waste management infrastructure
• Plan for MWM infrastructure that integrates green design and environmental

health impacts through life cycle stages of MWM

Inf nfrastruc uctur ure

• Budget planning for MWM services
• Account for full costs when pricing for waste services
• Dedicate MWM revenue to support recycling programs
• Balance environmental and economic goals

Financ nce e

• Job creation through reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing (R3) activities
• R3 industry development
• Planning and policy tools for economic development from waste diversion
• R3 requirements for business and consumers

Economy my

• Controversy surrounding waste facility siting
• Market drivers and confounding factors that challenge equity goals
• Stakeholder involvement, zoning ordinance, and assistance programs towards

equity goals

Eq Equity

• Data barriers to efficient and effective MWM
• Plan for community-specific MWM using smart MWM technology
• Employ planning tools that facilitate MWM data collection

Technology

6

Ai and Leigh (2017)

General Flows of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

7

Ai, Ning. 2011. "Challenges of Sustainable Urban Planning: The Case of Municipal Solid Waste Management." Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia Tech.

Environmental Impacts of MSW to be Managed

8

Note: CH4 = methane; CO = carbon monoxide; CO2 = carbon dioxide; HCl = hydrochloric acid; HF = hydrofluoric acid; NOx = nitrogen

• xides; N2O = nitrous oxide; PAHs = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; VOCs = volatile organic compounds; SO2 = Sulphur dioxide;

PM = particulate matter. Source: Ai and Leigh (2017). Adapted from Giusti 2009; Tabasová et al. 2012; U.S. EPA 2016; Stuart 2006.

Selected Cities/ Counties w 40% + Recycling Rate

9

Ai and Leigh (2017) based on sources of Clarke 2014, Mecklenburg County Land Use & Environmental Services Agency 2011, unless

• therwise noted

* Indicates the disposal fee of the state average (Green Power Inc 2014)

Balancing Environmental and Economic Goals

10

• Account for full costs
• Internalize externalities of MWM services
• Dedicate MWM revenue to support recycling

programs

• Reduce MWM cost by promoting landfill

diversion

• Improve collection efficiency
• Privatize service

Reduced MWM budget does not necessarily entail an increase in service fees or service interruptions.

Ai, Ning, and Anthony Grande. 2012. “Financially-Viable Approaches to Municipal Solid Waste Management during Economic Recession.” Young Professional Best Paper, 105th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Air and Waste Management Association, San Antonio, Texas, June 19–22.

Market-Based Instruments for MWM

11 Ai and Leigh (2017). Adapted from UNEP 2015, Box 4.17, and Cointreau and Hornig 2003 *Waste flow controls have been proposed by several regions but are currently prohibited by federal law.

REVENUE-GENERATING INSTRUMENTS COST-INCURRING INSTRUMENTS NON-REVENUE INSTRUMENTS – Variable unit pricing – Subsidies – Tradable pollution rights – Waste flow controls* – Tax credits for green businesses – Liability for environmental damage – Green taxes (eco-taxes) on consumption and production (e.g. plastic bag fees, tax on the use of hazardous substances in products) – Host community compensations for facility siting – Public procurement requirements (e.g. goods with specified percentage of recycled materials) – Taxes on disposal options (e.g., landfilling, incineration) – Grants (e.g. for research and recycling programs) – Deposit-refund systems (e.g. for beverage containers) – Rewards for recycling – Extended producer responsibility (EPR)

Economic Incentives

Pay as You Throw (PAYT) Recycling Reward Programs

12

Source: http://www.go-green.ae/uploads/rewardsa.jpg Source: City of Portland.

Impact of Reduced Garbage Collection on Diversion

13

http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/index.cfm?c=42689&a=366217f

Images: City of Portland.

Improve the MWM Efficiency by Strategic Infrastructure Planning

Integrated Infrastructure Planning

• Minimize Impacts of Existing Facilities
• Monitor existing use and capacity
• Expand MRF, C&D, and WTE capabilities
• Explore new MWM methods and techniques
• Recover methane from closed landfills
• Avoid Unnecessary Expansion
• Encourage source reduction and separation, recycling, reuse and composting
• Incorporate reduction, diversion, and conversion in capacity projections
• Require a county-wide review before siting new landfills
• Mitigate Impacts of New Facilities
• Preserve industrial lands
• Only site new landfills in Candidate Solid Waste Landfill overlay
• Design access routes to minimize traffic impacts
• Screen landfills with vegetation
• Plan for eventual restoration
• Increase public awareness of solid waste issues

Consider MWM in New Development

14

Ai and Leigh (2017) Adapted from Daniels, 2014, p. 238. Summary from Envision San José 2040: General Plan, Adopted November 1, 2011

Connecting MWM Plans with Other Regional Plans

15

Source: Metro Vancouver (2010).

Sustainability Implications of Wasted Food

16

“Smart” Opportunities to Close the Loop

• Real-time waste monitoring
• B2B Marketplace for surplus food
• Neighborhood sharing
• Re-market unsellable and “ugly” food
• Up-cycling food waste into fertilizer

17 Text adapted from https://foodtechconnect.com/2015/10/09/10-startups-reducing-food-waste-one-byte-at-a-time/ Images from left to right: [1] https://www.foodrescue.io/; [2] http://olioex.com/; [3] http://cdn.psfk.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/loveuglyfood.jpg; [4] http://cleantechnica.com/files/2012/11/Re-Nuble.jpg.

THE CIRCLE OF LIFE

Need of Community-Specific Data

18

Chart by Ning Ai. Data source Chicago Department of Environment 2010)

Comparison of top-ten landfill-bound residential waste composition by income group Comparison of residential MSW composition

Source: Illinois Recycling Association 2015, Fig 2-15

MSW Data Collected in Other Countries

19

Material Flow Indicators and Targets in Japan’s Material-cycle Society Plan Source: UNEP 2015, Box 2.1.

Eurostat 2017

Planning Tools that Facilitate MWM Data Collection

• City ordinances that incorporate the considerations of recycling and

data reporting

• Market derived data (e.g. Pay as You Throw programs)
• Web-based tools for MWM data analysis, information sharing, and

policy development

• Managing and Transforming Waste Stream Tool (US EPA )
• Policy and Program Impact Estimator (US EPA )
• Food Waste Management Cost Calculator (US EPA )
• Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool (US EPA)
• Population and Municipal Solid Waste Composition Calculator (NY)
• Stakeholder involvement

20

Emerging Technology in MWM

21

Source: Ai and Leigh (2017). Adapted from Hannan et al. 2015 and Lawrence and Woods 2014, Figure 3.1.

Confounding Factors of Equity in MWM

Market Factors Planning Tools

22

Interstate waste movement, 2003 (Repa 2005) Example zoning ordinance showing zoning districts in which MWM facilities are permitted (Sacramento County CA 2017)

Stakeholders in MWM

23

Source: UNEP 2015, Figure 4.5.

Transition to Material Centered MWM

24

Flanders, Belgium (2016)

Summary

• MWM is a local practice that generates impacts across environmental

media, political jurisdiction, and generations.

• Planners need to better understand MWM to minimize hazards to the

environment while improving the efficiency of economic development and promoting social equity.

• Opportunities are lost if we continue to focus on residual disposal and

examine waste materials simply as the byproduct of socioeconomic activities.

• Integrated MWM strategies can be developed to balance the economic,

environmental, and equity goals.

25

Questions and Comments

Nancey Green Leigh, PhD. FAICP Professor; Associate Dean for Research, College of Design

26

Ning Ai, PhD. Assistant Professor University of Illinois at Chicago Elizabeth Balkan Director of Policy; Senior Advisor to the Commissioner at the NYC Department of Sanitation

ain@uic.edu ngleigh@gatech.edu ebalkan@dsny.nyc.gov

Sustainable Economic Development via the R3 Industry

American Planning Association National Conference 2017 Nancey Green Leigh, PhD, FAICP School of City and Regional Planning Georgia Institute of Technology ngleigh@gatech.edu

OVERVIEW

• Development of the R3 Industry
• Supply chains and recycling choices from the firm perspective
• Job creation potential of waste diversion strategies from R3 =

reuse, recycling, remanufacturing

• Role of For-Profit & Nonprofit R3 businesses
• Planning and policy to foster R3 economic development

DEVELOPMENT OF THE R3 INDUSTRY

R3 DEVELOPMENT STIMULI

• Legal mandates at state or local level that require waste diversion
• Industry-driven due to sustainability objectives or fear of legislative action
• Firm recovery of valuable materials
• Waste-to-Profit matches local generators of wastes with local businesses interested in

recycling materials as substitutes for raw materials

• Firms seeking competitive advantage

Firm competitive advantage

• Comes from recycling with disassembly
• five different outlets (material salvage and components in the secondary market,

raw material suppliers, component suppliers, contract manufacturer/subassembly producers, and original equipment manufacturers)

• If viewed as cost to be minimized → outsourcing, low cost strategy
• Redesign of products → cradle to cradle, DFE → innovation & competitive

advantage; first mover…

• Recycling without disassembly
• Can be highly automated (shredders, crushers, mechanical separators)
• Only two outlets (disposal & secondary market)
• Low risk & return, firm continues business as usual

R3 Supply Chains

Firms Adopting Landfill-Free Practices

• General Motors example: 152 facilities world-wide including 48 in

U.S. & 17 in both Mexico and South Korea

• $3.5 Bln revenue from recycling 2007-2016

R3 INDUSTRY JOB CREATION

• Significantly more jobs created by recycling than landfill disposal:
• Ten times or more
• further material handling, sorting, processing, manufacture, distribution,

research and development, marketing, sales and related administrative and support activities

• Recycling jobs typically pay higher than the average of annual

wages and than waste management industry

INCREASING JOBS &

LABOR MARKET SHARE

• Manufacturing jobs overall

declining, but recycling manufacturing jobs growing

• Southeast states between 2010

& 2017:

• number of manufacturers

grew from 206 to 362 (+56%)

• Jobs doubled to nearly

98,000

• Sales grew from $29.4 to

$43.2 bln.

Source: Southeast Regional Development Council, http://sedc.org, accessed 5/2/17

State Mfg Firms Jobs Total Annual Sales Alabama 42 17,350 $ 7,838,028,050 Arkansas 12 5,420 $ 1,710,190,000 Florida 28 4,884 $ 1,328,083,720 Georgia 49 13,151 $ 7,180,349,710 Kentucky 41 11,232 $ 5,171,108,970 Louisiana 13 4,887 $ 1,146,008,370 Mississippi 11 1,971 $ 1,946,893,210 North Carolina 60 14,142 $ 4,077,868,590 South Carolina 47 10,442 $ 5,562,649,580 Tennessee 40 7,730 $ 4,412,814,900 Virginia 19 6,759 $ 2,782,619,720 Total 362 97,968 $43,156,614,820

R3 INDUSTRY OCCUPATIONS

Occupations not included in BLS data include: drivers transporting recyclables; sorters; route managers; MRF managers; others engaged in creation of new products from recycled materials (production workers, engineers, designers, and artists)

OCCUPATION MEDIAN HOURLY WAGE

General and operations managers $45.56 Logisticians $31.85 Sales representatives, wholesale manufacturing, except technical and scientific products $27.13 Sales representatives, services, all other $27.56 Industrial machinery mechanics $21.21 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists $21.46 Refuse and recyclable material collectors $16.12 Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand $11.57

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2015

Job Vacancies in R3 Industries

7,600 vacancies in 1 year in well-known national reuse stores

R3 Nonprofit Focus Reuse Practice R3 Results Goodwill

Job training and placement for immigrants, veterans, disabled persons, seniors, and youth Receives donations of used items that are sold in 2,700 retail stores $3.5 billion in retail sales Employment of about 25 people at each store

SalvationArmy

Christian faith-based

• rganization

Runs 1,315 resale stores to support program that provides adult residential and employment services 64,146 people employed and 86,958 job referrals

Society of St. Vincent de Paul

Faith-based organization specializing in resale and recycling Operates 360 resale stores Paid $68.5 million in wages and benefits to 7,071 employees

Habitat for Humanity Restore

ReStores profits support homebuilding efforts for low-income families Sells used and new building materials as well as used furniture 2004 avg. sale volume per store: $187,833. Plans to open 300- 400 stores.

FOR PROFIT, NONPROFIT & PARTNERSHIPS IN R3

• For profits
• Greater focus on higher value or volume material
• Seek to minimize labor costs by adopting new technology
• More active in localities with strong policies to support a recycling market
• Nonprofits
• Goals may be job creation for “hard-to-employ” or protect the

environment

• More active in localities with weaker or nonexistent R3 policies
• For profits and nonprofits can work together
• Savers, Inc: for profit thrift store chain purchases material from

nonprofits that use profits to support programs and services

PRIVATE SECTOR ROLE IN MWM SERVICES

• Contracting
• Concessions
• Leases
• Franchises
• Open Competitions
• Chicago’s Blue Cart Program:
• Competition between city

recycling crews and private companies, who won contracts for about half the recycling households

• Projected savings of $4.7 million

in recycling costs

Source: Gatewaygreen.org

Nonprofit Sector in MWM

• Diversity in organization, size, & industry sector
• Vary by job types, wages, revenue, products, processes, and

purpose

• Process and resell lower value items
• clothing, household goods, used building materials
• Sell directly in retail stores or provide manual disassembly

and sorting for private firms

• Perform producer responsibility functions

R3 Nonprofit Mission: Job Creation for Hard-to-Employ

• Major focus on persons with

disabilities & formerly incarcerated

• Park City Green mattress recycling
• Created 15-20 direct administrative and entry-

level jobs and 5-10 indirect logistic, transportation, and broker jobs

• Saves municipalities $15-20 per matress in

disposal costs

Source: Greater Bridgeport Community Enterprises. http://greenteambpt.com/park-city-green-mattress- recycling/

R3 Nonprofit Mission: Meeting Housing Needs

Habitat for Humanity Restores

• support affiliates in building & repair of affordable, sustainable

housing in partnership with deserving families through sale of new & used furniture, appliances, & building materials

Source: Morinda and Habitat for Humanity of Utah County, Utah. https://www.morinda.com/en- us/press/1618105/Morinda%20Assists%20in%20Fun ding%20Habitat%20for%20Humanity%20Home

Used Merchandise Stores in R3 Industry

• Resale, consignment, thrift, and antiques stores
• 25,000 stores and combined annual revenue estimated at $16 billion

(First Research, 2012).

• 142,540 people work in the industry (BLS 2013).
• Significant share of the consumer market: 16-18% of Americans will

shop in thrift stores during a given year (National Association of Resale Professionals 2013)

• Annual revenue per worker averaged $120,000
• Clustering of resale stores is a recent industry trend for attracting

customers

Ex Ex-Offen enders and Homel eles ess Workers in R3

• Specific focus of Park City Green, Salvation

Army, and Society of St. Vincent de Paul

• AWARE is a nonprofit that serves the

homeless through its “Labor of Recovery” program in downtown San Diego, California

• Independent recycling collection in states

with container deposit fee programs

Image Source: AWARE. “Our Story.” http://www.awarerecycling.com/our-story.html

NONPROFIT R3 IN SWITZERLAND

• Nonprofit recycling facility located

in Winterthur, near Zurich

• Teens who commit petty crimes can

choose to carry out a recycling apprenticeship rather than going to jail

• Trained in electronics disassembly

and other kinds of recycling

• 32 employees
• Processes close to 2,500 pounds of

e-waste per year

Swiss Example: SWICO Recycling

• SWICO operates national, nonprofit

system for reclaiming discarded electronic and electrical equipment.equipment.

• Advanced recovery fee funds the

national recycling system and is paid at the time of purchase.

• In the U.S., California has adopted this

approach.

• Fee adoption has led to development
• f “professional approach” to recycling

and creation of a new profession with formal apprenticeships (SWICO Recycling 2013)

Image Source: Greenbyte.ch. (2012). “Energiedirektor lobt Swico.” http://greenbyte.ch/9975/energiedirektor-lobt-swico/

Swiss Recycling Facilities

• Attractive facilities combat NIMBYism
• U.S. cities can learn from Switzerland

Images Source: Fahrni. (2013). “Swiss Waste Management Today: Context and Background.” http://www.svut.ch/up/files/1_Fahrni.pdf

PLANNING & POLICY TOOLS FOR

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FROM MSW

• Why is R3 industry so underdeveloped in United States?
• Businesses and consumers do not pay the real costs of waste disposal
• Underappreciation of economic development potential
• How to expand R3 industry in U.S.?
• “Stick” approaches such as banning certain materials from landfills
• “Carrot” approaches such as small business assistance
• Land use planning for appropriate siting of recycling facilities
• “Push” factors such as PAYT tool
• “Pull” factors such as wider adoption of LEED certification system
• Traditional business incentives for recycling industries
• Recycling industry training at community & technical colleges

Advancing R3 Summary

• U.S. needs to significantly increase 35% waste diversion rate.
• Cities are key to doing so.
• Significant for profit & non-profit business potential from

diverting higher percentages.

• Inner city unemployment, long-term & hard-to-employ will

benefit greatly from strategic efforts to grow R3.

• This is an opportunity we should not waste (pun intended).

American Planning Association Planning Advisory Service Report 2017 Ning Ai and Nancey Green Leigh

Questions?

For full bibliography related to this presentation, please refer to PAS report 587.

Planning’s Role in Sustainable Waste Management

Elizabeth Balkan, NYC Department of Sanitation

New York is a city of islands

Water Goods People Ideas Services Wastewater Goods People Garbage Recyclables Ideas Services

…as well as a city of inputs and outputs

NYC housing stock is dense

NYC housing stock is dense and diverse

1.4 m 2-10 family units 600,000 single-family units 1 m multi-family units

NYC Department of Sanitation

THEN NOW

Established more than 100 years ago

DSNY operations rely on infrastructure,

DSNY operations rely on infrastructure, Fleet,

DSNY operations rely on infrastructure, Fleet, personnel and planning

1885 1947 1960s 1979 1996

NYC burning 1/3 its waste in 32 municipal & 2,500 apartment building- based incinerators; The rest was being buried in 35 municipal landfills Fresh Kills

• pens with

a projected 20 year lifetime Mayor Koch proposed construction of a new incinerator at Brooklyn Navy Yard Mayor Giuliani signs a bill that prohibits incinerator construction + closes NYC’s last landfill The world’s first incinerator comes

• nline, in NYC

NYC: A century in solid waste management

NYC waste collection and disposal A massive exercise in logistics

Goal: send zero waste to landfill by 2030

Develop programs for every slice of the waste pie

Expand organics citywide by 2018

NYC’s organics program is now the nation’s largest

Make recycling available + easy for everyone

NYC will move to single stream recycling by 2020 And has expanded collection + infrastructure citywide

Expand diversion options for textiles + e-waste

Design programs for a vertical city

Reduce the portion delineated “Other”

Eliminate non-recyclable materials from the waste stream

Educate the next generation of New Yorkers Support reuse + foster circular solutions

SAYT METERED

Incentivize waste reduction

ELECTRICITY GAS WATER WASTE

Foodservice in Hotels 150 Rooms Food Manufacturers 25,000 Square Feet Food Wholesalers 20,000 Square Feet Stadiums + Arenas 15,000 Seats

Require large generators to divert food waste

Introducing the NYC Food Waste Fair

Elizabeth Balkan ebalkan@dsny.nyc.gov

THANK YOU