ENHANCING PERFORMANCE BY INFLUENCING PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION Clémentine Oguey Pancosma S.A., Switzerland Clementine.oguey@pancosma.ch 34th day of South African WPSA Pretoria, Oct. 12th, 2016
INTRODUCTION Performance: main drivers Gut Microbiome External factors Dietary components • Nutrients • Anti-nutrients • Others? Animal physiology • Digestion • Immunity • Endocrine system Performance Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) ↘ costs (feed, health, …)
INTRODUCTION What are plant extracts? • Components naturally occurring in plants. Capsicum annuum Cinnamomum cassia Eugenia caryophylla Capsaicinoids Cinnamaldehyde Eugenol Curcuma longa Origanum vulgare Allium spp Curcuminoids Carvacrol PTSO
INTRODUCTION Plant extracts • Components naturally occurring in plants • Several methods of obtention o Ground powder o Essential oils (steam distillation) o Oleoresins (solvent extraction), tinctures (alcoholic extraction) o Nature identical compounds
INTRODUCTION Inconsistency of some plant extracts • Composition of 4 Thymus EO (%) Components T. capitatus T. herba- T. herba- (commercial) T. capitatus barona A barona B 25.2 0.8 1.9 1.1 α -pinene 4.1 26.4 27.6 5.2 p-cymene 10.3 7.4 5.8 3.3 Linalool 46.1 29.3 50.3 46.9 Thymol 2.8 10.8 2.9 20.6 Carvacrol 9.5 21.2 10.9 13.1 Others Composition drastically varied among 4 Thymus EO Adapted from Cosentino et al. 2002. Letters in Appl. Microbiol.
INTRODUCTION Inconsistency of some plant extracts • MBC of 4 Thymus EO (µg/mL) T. capitatus T. herba- T. herba- Components (commercial) T. capitatus barona A barona B 900 450 900 450 Y. entero colitica 9610 900 450 450 225 L. monocytogenes 7644 450 900 900 225 B. cereus 11778 450 450 225 225 S. cerevisiae 9763 Antimicrobial properties drastically varied among 4 Thymus EO Adapted from Cosentino et al. 2002. Letters in Appl. Microbiol.
INTRODUCTION Plant extracts in farm animals • Alternatives to AGP • Already widely known • However, they suffer from o a lack of transparency o inconsistency THE KEY FOR EFFICACY
EFFECT ON GUT ECOSYSTEM Antimicrobial effect? Phytonutrients have antimicrobial effects … BUT at very high levels Lee et al., 2004, Int. J. Poult. Sci.
MODE OF ACTION OF PHYTONUTRIENTS Antimicrobial effect? The effect of these products is not associated to a direct antimicrobial activity in monogastrics Importance to test them at their recommended dosage in animal diets and to elucidate their real effect.
PLANT EXTRACTS AND EFFECT ON ANIMALS Targeting animal physiology: concept Gut Microbiome Limited to no effect External factors Dietary components • Nutrients • Anti-nutrients • Non-Nutrients Animal physiology • Digestion Major target • Immunity • Endocrine system Performance Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) ↘ costs (feed, health, …)
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Targeting animal physiology: the use of models Transporters, Neuro-transmitters, Enzymes, Hormones And others … • Comparative physiology: exploits similarities and differences of the different living organisms • Essential tool to understand and transfer (or not) knowledge among species • Genomics & proteomics methods are very useful
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on digestion Bile acids secretion Lipase activity (small intestine) Fat digestibility + 2.1 % U/1g of tissue 87% 120% 60 b b b 86% 115% 50 a 86% 110% 40 85% 105% 30 a a 85% 100% 20 84% 10 95% 84% 0 90% Control PE Control Capsaicin Control PE PE blend increases enzymatic activity and promotes fat digestibility from the diet a, b, P <0.05 PE: standardized protected blend of Ganesh & Bhat et al., 1984; Jamroz et al., 2005 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo. Bravo, Pirgozliev et al., 2014
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect + Detection by 2 specific cells = Acquired immunity Specific Specific to one antigen acquired Identification Longer but targeted defense immunity E.g: antibody, lymphocytes … . Answer Pathogen Non specific innate immunity 1 - Inflammation = Innate Immunity Fast and non specific answer Energy high cost & destructive Lesions Ex: Macrophages, inflammation Mucus Gut epithelium Metabolism Lumen
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect - Alveolar macrophages in vitro - 0 vs. 1 µg/mL LPS for inflammatory challenge - Ø vs phytonutrients - measurements: cell viability, NO production, production of TNF- α , IL-1 β Effect on macrophage Without any challenge With LPS challenge activity (= sterile condition) (= on farm condition) Carvacrol No effect ↘ Cinnamaldehyde ↗ ↘↘ Capsicum oleoresin ↗ ↘↘ Curcuma Oleoresin ↗ No effect Garlic tincture ↘ ↘↘ Phytonutrients have an anti-inflammatory effect In challenging condition Liu et al. 2012. Journal of Animal Science
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect The effect of phytonutrients depends on the context. Under farm conditions, cinnamaldehyde, turmeric oleoresin, capsicum oleoresin ,… have a potent immune modulating effet But each phytonutrient has a specific effect on immune modulation This involves considering various plant extracts depending on objective: production vs costs
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Mode of action Haptoglobin: acute phase protein - Weaned piglets indicator of inflammation - 0 vs 10 ppm capsicum oleoresin - Challenge with E. coli Capsicum limits over-reaction of immune system and reduces inflammation Liu et al. 2013. Journal of Animal Science
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Consequence on gut function Control PE Villus surface area (µm 2 ) 800 750 700 650 Control PE PE blend improves absorption surface & intestinal integrity PE: standardized protected blend of Awaad et al., 2014 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo. Garcia et al., 2007
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production - Meta-analysis – 20 trials organized in 16 reports (incl. 12 peer reviewed articles) - 0 vs 100 ppm PE (standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleoresin) - Mean duration: 33.5 days AMEn (kcal/kg) P < 0.01 3360 3340 3320 3300 3280 3260 3240 Lower limit of the 90% confidence 3220 interval : 50 kcal/kg Negative control PE PE blend increases AMEn in broilers Oguey et Bravo. 2015. PSA
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production - Male broilers fed corn or wheat based diets - Ø vs. 100 g/t PE from d7 to 21 - evaluation of total heat production at 21 days of age Heat production (kcal/kg) Net Energy for Production (kcal/kg DM) P < 0.05 2450 P < 0.05 1150 2400 1100 2350 1050 2300 1000 2250 950 2200 900 Negative PE Negative PE control control PE blend reduced maintenance requirements PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo. Pirgozliev et al., 2012, ASAS Joint Annual Meeting
PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production - Meta-analysis – 20 trials organized in 16 reports (incl. 12 peer reviewed articles) - 0 vs 100 ppm PE (standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleoresin) - Mean duration: 33.5 days ADFI (g/d) ADG (g/d) FCR (g/g) P < 0.001 NS 100 51 1.72 P < 0.001 +4.5% 1.70 80 50 1.68 60 -3.9% 49 1.66 40 1.64 48 20 1.62 0 47 1.60 Control PE Control PE Control PE PE blend improved performance of broilers Oguey et Bravo. 2015. PSA
PLANT EXTRACT AND IMMUNE-MODULATION A paradigm shift: moving to non-nutrition The gut immunity effect of some phytonutrients can also be exploited to increase the resistance of farm animals to diseases.
PLANT EXTRACT AND IMMUNE-MODULATION A paradigm shift: moving to non-nutrition Each phytonutrient has a specific effect on immune modulation The clarification of the mode of action of single phytonutrients enables to develop combinations targeting specific applications.
PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Animal resistance to disease: synergies Broilers from d1 to d24 No additive or capsicum oleor., turmeric oleor. or both from d1 to 24 Oral infection with 2.0x10 4 sporulated oocysts E. acervulina at d14 Capsicum and turmeric have a synergistic effect on immune response a, b, c P < 0.05 Lee et al. 2010, J. Poultry Science
PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Mode of action + Detection = Acquired immunity Specific Specific to the detected antigen Pathogen Identification acquired Larger but targeted defense Antigen E.g: antibody, lymphocytes … . immunity Answer Non specific innate immunity - = Innate Immunity Inflammation Quick and non specific answer Energy high cost & destructive Ex: Macrophages, inflammation Lesions + Lumen Mucus Metabolism Gut epithelium
PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH A new area of possible uses • Examples of applications o Bacteria: Necrotic enteritis o Viruses: H5N2, … o Vaccination programs
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