PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION Clmentine Oguey Pancosma S.A., - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION Clmentine Oguey Pancosma S.A., - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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ENHANCING PERFORMANCE BY INFLUENCING PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION Clmentine Oguey Pancosma S.A., Switzerland Clementine.oguey@pancosma.ch 34th day of South African WPSA Pretoria, Oct. 12th, 2016 INTRODUCTION Performance: main drivers Gut

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ENHANCING PERFORMANCE BY INFLUENCING PHYSIOLOGY THROUGH NUTRITION

Clémentine Oguey Pancosma S.A., Switzerland

Clementine.oguey@pancosma.ch

34th day of South African WPSA Pretoria, Oct. 12th, 2016

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INTRODUCTION Performance: main drivers

Animal physiology Gut Microbiome External factors Dietary components  Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) ↘ costs (feed, health, …)

Performance

  • Nutrients
  • Anti-nutrients
  • Others?
  • Digestion
  • Immunity
  • Endocrine system
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INTRODUCTION

  • Components naturally occurring in plants.

What are plant extracts?

Capsicum annuum Capsaicinoids Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamaldehyde Curcuma longa Curcuminoids Origanum vulgare Carvacrol Eugenia caryophylla Eugenol Allium spp PTSO

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INTRODUCTION

  • Components naturally occurring in plants
  • Several methods of obtention
  • Ground powder
  • Essential oils (steam distillation)
  • Oleoresins (solvent extraction), tinctures (alcoholic extraction)
  • Nature identical compounds

Plant extracts

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INTRODUCTION

  • Composition of 4 Thymus EO (%)

Inconsistency of some plant extracts

Adapted from Cosentino et al. 2002. Letters in Appl. Microbiol.

Components T. capitatus (commercial) T. capitatus

  • T. herba-

barona A

  • T. herba-

barona B α-pinene 25.2 0.8 1.9 1.1 p-cymene 4.1 26.4 27.6 5.2 Linalool 10.3 7.4 5.8 3.3 Thymol 46.1 29.3 50.3 46.9 Carvacrol 2.8 10.8 2.9 20.6 Others 9.5 21.2 10.9 13.1

Composition drastically varied among 4 Thymus EO

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INTRODUCTION

  • MBC of 4 Thymus EO (µg/mL)

Inconsistency of some plant extracts

Adapted from Cosentino et al. 2002. Letters in Appl. Microbiol.

Components

  • T. capitatus

(commercial) T. capitatus

  • T. herba-

barona A

  • T. herba-

barona B

  • Y. entero colitica 9610

900 450 900 450

  • L. monocytogenes 7644

900 450 450 225

  • B. cereus 11778

450 900 900 225

  • S. cerevisiae 9763

450 450 225 225

Antimicrobial properties drastically varied among 4 Thymus EO

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INTRODUCTION

  • Alternatives to AGP
  • Already widely known
  • However, they suffer from
  • a lack of transparency
  • inconsistency

Plant extracts in farm animals

THE KEY FOR EFFICACY

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EFFECT ON GUT ECOSYSTEM Antimicrobial effect?

Lee et al., 2004, Int. J. Poult. Sci.

Phytonutrients have antimicrobial effects… BUT at very high levels

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MODE OF ACTION OF PHYTONUTRIENTS The effect of these products is not associated to a direct antimicrobial activity in monogastrics Importance to test them at their recommended dosage in animal diets and to elucidate their real effect. Antimicrobial effect?

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PLANT EXTRACTS AND EFFECT ON ANIMALS Targeting animal physiology: concept

Animal physiology Gut Microbiome External factors Dietary components  Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) ↘ costs (feed, health, …)

Performance

  • Nutrients
  • Anti-nutrients
  • Non-Nutrients
  • Digestion
  • Immunity
  • Endocrine system

Limited to no effect Major target

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SLIDE 11

PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE

Targeting animal physiology: the use of models

Transporters, Neuro-transmitters, Enzymes, Hormones

And others…

  • Comparative physiology: exploits similarities and differences of the

different living organisms

  • Essential tool to understand and transfer (or not) knowledge among species
  • Genomics & proteomics methods are very useful
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PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on digestion

Ganesh & Bhat et al., 1984; Jamroz et al., 2005 Bravo, Pirgozliev et al., 2014

90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115% 120%

a, b, P <0.05 Bile acids secretion Control Capsaicin

PE blend increases enzymatic activity and promotes fat digestibility from the diet

a b

10 20 30 40 50 60

Control PE a b Lipase activity (small intestine) U/1g of tissue

84% 84% 85% 85% 86% 86% 87%

Control PE a b Fat digestibility

+ 2.1 %

PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo.

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PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect

Lumen Metabolism

Detection by specific cells Identification Answer

Non specific innate immunity Specific acquired immunity

= Innate Immunity

 Fast and non specific answer  Energy high cost & destructive  Ex: Macrophages, inflammation

= Acquired immunity  Specific to one antigen

 Longer but targeted defense E.g: antibody, lymphocytes….

Mucus

Pathogen

Inflammation Lesions

1 2

+

  • Gut epithelium
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SLIDE 14

PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Immune-modulating effect

Liu et al. 2012. Journal of Animal Science

  • Alveolar macrophages in vitro
  • 0 vs. 1 µg/mL LPS for inflammatory challenge
  • Ø vs phytonutrients
  • measurements: cell viability, NO production, production of

TNF-α, IL-1β

Effect on macrophage activity Without any challenge (= sterile condition) With LPS challenge (= on farm condition) Carvacrol No effect ↘ Cinnamaldehyde ↗ ↘↘ Capsicum oleoresin ↗ ↘↘ Curcuma Oleoresin ↗ No effect Garlic tincture ↘ ↘↘

Phytonutrients have an anti-inflammatory effect In challenging condition

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PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE

The effect of phytonutrients depends on the context. Under farm conditions, cinnamaldehyde, turmeric

  • leoresin, capsicum oleoresin,… have a potent immune

modulating effet But each phytonutrient has a specific effect on immune modulation This involves considering various plant extracts depending on objective: production vs costs

Immune-modulating effect

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Mode of action

Capsicum limits over-reaction of immune system and reduces inflammation

  • Haptoglobin: acute phase protein

indicator of inflammation

Liu et al. 2013. Journal of Animal Science

  • Weaned piglets
  • 0 vs 10 ppm capsicum oleoresin
  • Challenge with E. coli

PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE

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PE blend improves absorption surface & intestinal integrity

PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Consequence on gut function

Awaad et al., 2014 Garcia et al., 2007

Control PE

Control PE 650 700 750 800

Villus surface area (µm2) PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo.

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SLIDE 18

Oguey et Bravo. 2015. PSA

PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production

  • Meta-analysis – 20 trials organized in 16 reports (incl. 12 peer reviewed articles)
  • 0 vs 100 ppm PE (standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3%

cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleoresin)

  • Mean duration: 33.5 days

PE blend increases AMEn in broilers

3220 3240 3260 3280 3300 3320 3340 3360 Negative control PE AMEn (kcal/kg)

P < 0.01

Lower limit of the 90% confidence interval : 50 kcal/kg

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PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production

Pirgozliev et al., 2012, ASAS Joint Annual Meeting

PE blend reduced maintenance requirements

  • Male broilers fed corn or wheat based diets
  • Ø vs. 100 g/t PE from d7 to 21
  • evaluation of total heat production at 21 days of age

2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 Negative control PE Heat production (kcal/kg)

P < 0.05

900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 Negative control PE Net Energy for Production (kcal/kg DM)

P < 0.05

PE: standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleo.

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SLIDE 20

Oguey et Bravo. 2015. PSA

PLANT EXTRACTS AND PERFORMANCE Effect on physiology: consequence on production

  • Meta-analysis – 20 trials organized in 16 reports (incl. 12 peer reviewed articles)
  • 0 vs 100 ppm PE (standardized protected blend of 5% carvacrol, 3%

cinnamaldehyde, 2% capsicum oleoresin)

  • Mean duration: 33.5 days

PE blend improved performance of broilers

1.60 1.62 1.64 1.66 1.68 1.70 1.72 Control PE FCR (g/g) 47 48 49 50 51 Control PE ADG (g/d)

  • 3.9%

20 40 60 80 100 Control PE ADFI (g/d)

NS +4.5% P < 0.001 P < 0.001

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The gut immunity effect of some phytonutrients can also be exploited to increase the resistance of farm animals to diseases. A paradigm shift: moving to non-nutrition PLANT EXTRACT AND IMMUNE-MODULATION

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PLANT EXTRACT AND IMMUNE-MODULATION Each phytonutrient has a specific effect on immune modulation The clarification of the mode of action of single phytonutrients enables to develop combinations targeting specific applications. A paradigm shift: moving to non-nutrition

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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Animal resistance to disease: synergies

Lee et al. 2010, J. Poultry Science

a, b, c P < 0.05

Broilers from d1 to d24 No additive or capsicum oleor., turmeric oleor. or both from d1 to 24 Oral infection with 2.0x104 sporulated oocysts E. acervulina at d14

Capsicum and turmeric have a synergistic effect

  • n immune response
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SLIDE 24

Lumen Metabolism Mucus Gut epithelium

PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Mode of action

Detection Identification Answer Inflammation Lesions Non specific innate immunity Specific acquired immunity = Innate Immunity

 Quick and non specific answer  Energy high cost & destructive  Ex: Macrophages, inflammation

= Acquired immunity  Specific to the detected antigen

 Larger but targeted defense E.g: antibody, lymphocytes….

+

  • Antigen

Pathogen

+

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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH

  • Examples of applications
  • Bacteria: Necrotic enteritis
  • Viruses: H5N2,…
  • Vaccination programs

A new area of possible uses

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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: bacterial infection

  • broilers from d 1 to d 20
  • Ø vs. 100 g/t PE
  • oral challenge with 1x104 oocysts/bird E. maxima at d 14

then 1x109 CFU/bird C. perfringens at d 18

Necrotic enteritis (mixed infection E. maxima + C. perfringens)

a, b, c, P < 0.05 Lee et al. 2013. British Journal of Nutrition

PE blend improves gut immune-modulation and reduces the virulence of the pathogen

+ PE PE PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric

  • leoresins
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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: bacterial infection

a, b, c, P < 0.05 Lee et al. 2013. British Journal of Nutrition

PE blend limits gut integrity damage & reduces the negative impact of challenge on performance

  • broilers from d 1 to d 20
  • Ø vs. 100 g/t PE
  • oral challenge with 1x104 oocysts/bird E. maxima at d 14

then 1x109 CFU/bird C. perfringens at d 18 + PE

Necrotic enteritis (mixed infection E. maxima + C. perfringens)

PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric

  • leoresins
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PRRSv challenge model

Capsicum limits inflammation and turmeric reduces viral load in case of challenge

  • Haptoglobin: acute phase protein indicator
  • f inflammation
  • Ct (cycle threshold): number of cycles

required to cross the threshold. The higher the Ct, the lower the viral load a, b, P < 0.05 Liu et al. 2013. Journal of Animal Science

PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: viral infection

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H5N2 + Newcastle infection

PE blend favors birds’ recovery after challenge

  • 83’000 layers/treatment
  • 0 vs 100 g/t 100 g/t PE from week 24
  • infection with Newcastle & H5N2 evidenced prior to trial

Unpublished data

PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: viral infection

PE PE

PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric

  • leoresins

PE

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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: combination with vaccines

Lee et al. 2011. Veterinary Parasitology

PE blend has a synergistic effect on immunity when combined with vaccination

a, b, c, P < 0.05 Antibody response to profilin (OD, 450 nm) 0.00 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 0.50 0.25 DPI 0 DPI 9 a Infected Control b Infected Vaccine c Infected Vaccine+ PE a Infected Control b Infected Vaccine c Infected Vaccine+ PE Broilers from d1 to d26 0 vs. 100 ppm PE Vaccination at d7 against E. tenella with recombinant profilin Oral infection with 2.0x104 sporulated oocysts E. tenella at d17

mAb/% Control Vaccine Vaccine + PE MHC II 10.6c 21.3b 54.7a CD4 7.9c 17.3b 32.8a CD8 11.4c 23.3b 44.2a K1 1.9b 2.1b 1.8b TCR1 2.1b 3.6b 9.0a TCR2 6.9b 9.1b 30.0a

Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulation 9 DPI

Coccidiosis (E. tenella)

PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric

  • leoresins
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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: combination with vaccines

Lee et al. 2011. Veterinary Parasitology

Coccidiosis (E. tenella)

BW d26 (g) Infected Control Uninfected Control 500 1000 1500 2000 ab c bc a infected +vaccine Infected +vaccine + PE Broilers from d1 to d26 0 vs. 100 ppm PE Vaccination at d7 against E. tenella with recombinant profilin Oral infection with 2.0x104 sporulated oocysts E. tenella at d17

PE blend reduces subclinical signs of disease after vaccination

Oocysts / bird(x107) 6 8 10 12 4 2 a b b Control Vaccine Vaccine + PE

PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric

  • leoresins
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PLANT EXTRACTS FOR POULTRY HEALTH Immune modulation: combination with vaccines

a, b, P < 0.05 Brito et al. 2010. PS Annual Meeting

PE + Vaccine performs at least as well as a AGP-Coccidiosis rotation program

Coccidiosis (mixed infection)

  • Broilers fed corn soybean meal, for 52 days
  • rotation program: nicarbazin + bacitracin up to d14, then

salinomycin + bacitracin

  • PE + vaccine: vaccination at d1 + 100 g/t PE
  • At d14: infection to Eimeria spp via litter spray

PE: standardized protected blend of 4% capsicum + 4% turmeric

  • leoresins

Rotation program PE + vaccine Rotation program PE + vaccine

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SLIDE 33
  • The clarification of the mode of action of each single

component enables to develop combinations targeting specific applications

  • Performance
  • Poultry resistance to disease
  • To guarantee their consistency, their composition has to be

standardized, and their mode of action needs to be clarified at dietary levels

  • Digestive physiology
  • Immunology
  • The extended knowledge of the primary effects of these

compounds opens new fields of utilization e.g. endocrine system

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CONCLUSION Plant extracts: from Nutrition to non-nutrition

Animal physiology Gut Microbiome External factors Dietary components  Production (meat, eggs quantity / quality) ↘ costs (feed, health, …)

Performance

  • Nutrients
  • Anti-nutrients
  • Non-Nutrients
  • Digestion
  • Immunity
  • Endocrine system

Limited to no effect Major target

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CONCLUSION The nutritional application of such products also involves taking into account not only nutritional but also, more & more NON-Nutritional physiological processes

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36

Thank you Dankie