Physio ‐ behavioral Synchronicity as an Index of Teamwork (LRIR) PI: Gregory Funke (Air Force Research Laboratory) Senior Personnel: Adam Strang AFOSR Program Review: Mathematical and Computational Cognition Program Computational and Machine Intelligence Program Robust Decision Making in Human ‐ System Interface Program (Jan 28 – Feb 1, 2013, Washington, DC) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW-2012-2994.
Physio ‐ behavioral Synchronicity (Funke) Technical Approach: Research Objectives: • During cooperative behaviors, • Monitoring of several teammates may spontaneously behavioral and physiological exhibit similarity in their signals across teammates physiological and behavioral responses Application of innovative • nonlinear time series analyses Evaluate the utility of measures of • PBS as predictors of team performance and processes Budget ($k): DoD Benefits: Team formation and training • YR 1 YR 2 YR 3 • Team monitoring 114 109.5 109.5 System design & evaluation • Project Start Date: 01/2012 Project End Date: 01/2015 2 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW-2012-2994.
List of Project Goals 1. Assessment of the relative contributions of task factors and teamwork to measures of physio-behavioral synchronicity 2. Comparison of several statistical indices for assessing synchronicity 3. Examination of the relationship between physio- behavioral synchronicity and teamwork 4. Examination of the development and stability of synchronicity 5. Synchronicity transfer 3 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW-2012-2994.
Progress Towards Goals (or New Goals) 1. Assessment of the relative contributions… – PBS not simply due to chance and physical task constraints – May reflect “general” team processes and coordination dynamics 2. Comparison of statistical indices… – Nonlinear measures appear to be more sensitive 3. Relationship between PBS and teamwork… – PBS is a moderate predictor of team performance and perceived team processes 4. Development and stability of synchronicity (Y2) 5. Synchronicity transfer (Y3) 4 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW-2012-2994.
What is Physio ‐ behavioral Synchronicity (PBS)? Statistical similarity in physiological or behavioral measures observed between two or more members of a team engaged in cooperative task performance 1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
What is Physio ‐ behavioral Synchronicity (PBS)? This is Hard! This is Hard! Cardiac IBIs Continuous EEG (Fz) Do you think Of course we should? we should Postural Sway 2 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Review of Recent Literature Shockley, Santana, & Fowler, 2003 Uncooperative Cooperative & Visual & Visual + Cooperative Uncooperative & No Visual & No Visual + Interpretation: Verbal Comm. Drives Postural Sway Synchronicity 3 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Review of Recent Literature Henning, Boucsein, & Gil, 2001 Measured Variables • Performance (Error/Time) • X ‐ Y joystick force inputs • Cardiac IBIs • Electrodermal Activity (EDA) • Respirator Rate Statistical Analysis: • Cross ‐ correlation (CC) • Weighted Spectral Coherence Results Decrease Time predicted by: • Increased IBI CC/Coherence • Increased EDA Coherence Implication: Higher levels of PBS = Better Decreased Error predicted by: team performance • Increased IBI CC • Increased EDA Coherence • Increased Respiratory Coherence 4 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Questions We Wanted to Address in Year 1: 1. What are the drivers of PBS? a) Is team PBS great than inherent (chance) PBS? b) Is team PBS primarily influence by physical task demands or interpersonal coordination? c) Is PBS unique to individual teams or does it reflect a ‘common’ interpersonal coordination? 2. Do relationships exist between PBS and team processes (cohesion, communication, etc.) and/or performance? 3. What does PBS look like in a team task with differentiated roles? 4. Are nonlinear measures more sensitive for detecting/characterizing PBS? 5 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
AFRL – Team Tetris “Rotator” “Locator” Next Tetrominoe The Well Falling Tetrominoe Previously Placed Tetrominoe 6 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Methods • 80 participants (40 men, 40 women) – 20 same sex dyads, 40 individuals • Completed three 20 ‐ minute trials – Analyzed trial 3 • Dependent measures: – Tetris score – Cardiac IBIs (re ‐ sampled at 4 Hz) • .01 Hz High ‐ pass filter – Anterior ‐ posterior postural sway (PS; 60 Hz optical tracker) • .03 Hz to 12 Hz Band ‐ pass filter – Team Cohesion (Rozzell & Gundersen, 2003) – Trust (Naquin & Paulson, 2000) – Collective Efficacy (Riggs & Knight, 1994) – Effectiveness of Team Communication (Lyons et al., 2011) 7 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Q4. Statistical Analyses Assessed PBS in IBIs and PS • Linear Metric – Cross correlation (CC) • Nonlinear Metrics – Cross ‐ Fuzzy Entropy ‐ 1 (CFEn ‐ 1 ) – Cross ‐ Recurrence Quantification Analysis (CRQA) • Percent Recurrence (REC) • Percent Determinism (DET) 8 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Q1a. Is team PBS greater than inherent (chance) PBS? Surrogate Analysis for bi ‐ variate synchronicity measures Step 1: Discover the underlying noise structure of IBI and PS time series. – Apply Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) to all time series • Mean DFA ‐ α IBI = 1.608 ~ Brown Noise • Mean DFA ‐ α PS = 1.616 Step 2: Create 10,000 random pairs of generated Brown Noise Step 3: Apply synchronicity measures to Brown Noise pairs Step 4: Compare observed PBS to modeled estimates of ‘inherent’ PBS. Hypothesis: Estimates of team PBS will be greater than ‘inherent’ PBS 9 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Q1a. Is team PBS greater than inherent (chance) PBS? IBI Synchronicity PS Synchronicity Greater than Greater than Measure Measure Chance? Chance? Cross Correlation Cross Correlation CFEn ‐ 1 CFEn ‐ 1 CRQA CRQA % REC % REC % DET % DET Outcomes: • Most measures indicate that observed PBS is greater than chance • PS CC will not be examined further in subsequent analyses 10 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Q1b. Is PBS primarily influenced by physical task demands or interpersonal coordination? Step 1: Create ‘virtual teams’ comprised of randomly paired same ‐ sex individuals who performed the task ( virtual ‐ individual dyads ) Step 2: Calculated PBS measures for virtual ‐ individual dyads Step 3: Compared PBS of virtual ‐ individual dyads to experimental teams Hypothesis: PBS of experimental teams will be greater than virtual ‐ individual dyads 11 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
Q1b. Is PBS primarily influenced by physical task demands or interpersonal coordination? IBI Synchronicity PS Synchronicity Exp. Teams Greater Exp. Teams Greater Measure than Virtual ‐ Indiv. Measure than Virtual ‐ Indiv. Teams? Teams? N/A Cross Correlation Cross Correlation CFEn ‐ 1 CFEn ‐ 1 CRQA CRQA % REC % REC % DET % DET Outcomes: • Most measures indicate that PBS in experimental teams was greater than virtual-individual dyads • Suggests that common physical task demands contributed little, if at all, to estimates of team PBS 12 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release by AFRL Public Affairs 05/23/12; distribution is unlimited. Document Number 88ABW ‐ 2012 ‐ 2994 .
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