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Photons to Pixels The Imaging Pipeline Mark Buckler The Vision Pipeline Photons Image Sensor Raw Data Image Signal Processor (ISP) Human Readable Image (JPEG, PNG, etc) GPU/CPU/ASIC Vision task result (bounding boxes, segmentation, etc)

  1. Photons to Pixels The Imaging Pipeline Mark Buckler

  2. The Vision Pipeline Photons Image Sensor Raw Data Image Signal Processor (ISP) Human Readable Image (JPEG, PNG, etc) GPU/CPU/ASIC Vision task result (bounding boxes, segmentation, etc)

  3. The Image Sensor (excluding optics) https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.04352.pdf

  4. The Image Sensor https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/video_imaging_equipment/video_cameras_accessories/cmos_cameras

  5. The Bayer Pattern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor

  6. The ISP https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.04352.pdf

  7. The ISP: Visual effect ISP Raw Data JPEG https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.04352.pdf

  8. The ISP: Demosaicing http://www.ok.sc.e.titech.ac.jp/~mtanaka/research.html

  9. The ISP: Denoising ● The most computationally expensive step in the ISP by far ● Especially important for low light (shot noise) ● Must balance need for smoothing aberrations with need for sharp edges https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_variation_denoising

  10. The ISP: Color Mapping & White Balancing https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/white-balance.htm

  11. The ISP: Gamut Mapping ● Mapping between color systems with more or less representable range Showing a CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram of: ● Human eye gamut (grey + colored) ● Computer monitor gamut (colored) Each image sensor has its own gamut https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut

  12. The ISP: Tone Mapping (global/gamma compression) ● PDF of natural light is log-normal. Terrible for linear quantization! ● Tone mapping computes log, resulting in normal distribution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction

  13. The ISP: Tone Mapping (global/gamma compression) http://www.markbuckler.com/pdf/iccv-2017-slides.pdf

  14. The ISP: Tone Mapping (local/HDR) https://rawpedia.rawtherapee.com/File:Rt407-ba-tonemapping-hdr-cropped.jpg

  15. The ISP: Compression (JPEG) https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1011/R08/jpeg/acs10-jpeg.pdf

  16. JPEG: Color space conversion https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1011/R08/jpeg/acs10-jpeg.pdf

  17. JPEG: The Discrete Cosine Transform https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1011/R08/jpeg/acs10-jpeg.pdf

  18. JPEG: The Discrete Cosine Transform https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1011/R08/jpeg/acs10-jpeg.pdf

  19. JPEG: Quantize http://www.robertstocker.co.uk/jpeg/jpeg_new_10.htm

  20. JPEG: Quantize Notice the blurring around the characters in this image? That blurring is directly because of this quantization step http://www.robertstocker.co.uk/jpeg/jpeg_new_10.htm

  21. JPEG: Encode Zig-zag run length encoding http://www.robertstocker.co.uk/jpeg/jpeg_new_10.htm

  22. The End! ISP

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