Philip Hollins Phil.Hollins@Jamk.fi Presentation overview The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Philip Hollins Phil.Hollins@Jamk.fi Presentation overview The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 07, 2023 172 likes •695 views

From vegetable oil to fuel: Biodiesel production An overview Philip Hollins Phil.Hollins@Jamk.fi Presentation overview The topics covered will include: Forecasted increase in biofuel production Biofuel classification Diesel

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From vegetable oil to fuel: Biodiesel production – An overview

Philip Hollins Phil.Hollins@Jamk.fi

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Presentation overview

The topics covered will include:

  • Forecasted increase in biofuel production
  • Biofuel classification
  • Diesel engines and how they operate
  • Demonstrate how to make transesterified biodiesel
  • Case studies of small scale biodiesel production and use
  • Presenting a typical home `biodiesel´ processor
  • Biodiesel production 2nd and 3rd generation production
  • Future biodiesel development
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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 3 Source: http://ourfiniteworld.com/

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 4

Forecast for increase in biofuel production

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(Source: Serrano/Ruiz and Dumesic, Energy Environ Sci, 2011) 5

Consider liquid biofuels (complex)……

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Consider liquid biofuels (simplified)…..

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 6

Sources of carbohydrates Petrol ‘substitute’

(sugars and starches)

Sources of fats Diesel ‘substitute’

(saturated, mono/polyunsaturated & fatty acids)

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 7

Neste (and others) define generation ……. 1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen

Liquid bio-fuel classification

(by conversion)

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8 Phil Hollins@Jamk

* Including tax - assumes free labour and feedstock

How about making it for 0.57cents !*

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Rudolf Diesel

1892: Patent obtained 1897: First prototype developed 1900: Demonstrated World Exhibition in Paris running on peanut oil 1912: Presentation to the British Institute of Mechanical Engineers 1913: Died in ‘mysterious’ circumstances - found drowned in the English Channel

Born 1858 Died 1913 9

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 10 Deutsches Museum in Munich.

“The fact that fat oils from vegetable sources can be used may seem insignificant today, but such oils may perhaps become in course of time

  • f the same importance as some natural mineral oils and the tar

products are now” (Diesel, 1912)

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How a diesel engine works (CI: Compression ignition)

Hyperlink to video 1…….. Hyperlink to video 2…….. Hyperlink to video 3…….

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 11

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Diesel ‘substitute’ vegetable oil yields

Source: Adapted from www.journeytoforever.org Source: Adapted from www.Green Team Alternative Fuels.com

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 12

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Problems with vegetable oil......

  • Originally diesel engines where designed to
  • perate using raw vegetable oil.
  • Modern diesel engines are too specialised to

reliably run on pure vegetable oil

  • Vegetable oil is too viscous to use directly

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 13

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Modifying the engine………

Kevin Alford is a final year studying for B.Sc. in Agriculture. Dual tank system Diesel/(waste) veg’ oil

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 14

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Home made system taken from : www.reuk.co.uk Example manufacturer: Elsbett

Start on diesel….. Engine heat exchanger  lower viscosity Switch to vegetable oil Cost of system fitted ~ €1600

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 15

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 16

Modifying the vegetable oil………

Transesterification process  remove glycerine molecule  reduces viscosity (x3)

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Modifying the fuel (FAME)………

Convert vegetable oil to bio-diesel

Vegetable oil  Triglycerine ester Large molecule  viscous Transesterification process  reducing viscosity  remove glycerine molecule

Viscosity decrease x 3 Waste product  with uses methanol and catalyst

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 18

The chemisty ……

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Methanol

  • Clear, colorless liquid odour

like alcohol.

  • Four milliliters can cause

blindness and 80 to 150 milliliters can be fatal

  • Inhalation of methanol vapor

is the most common route of

  • ccupational exposure.
  • Poisoning also possible from

absorption through the skin

You will be using 100ml

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Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

Exposure Routes inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; cough, sneezing; eye, skin burns; vomiting, diarrhoea Target Organs Eyes, skin, respiratory system

You will be using 14g max

pH 13 - drain cleaner

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Convert (waste) vegetable oil to bio-diesel

Waste vegetable oil contains:

Mono and Di–glycerides  no problem Free fatty acids  problem Neutralised by the addition of potassium hydroxide Determined by pH test titration Potassium hydroxide also acts as catalyst Potassium hydroxide & methanol  methoxide

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 21

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Sourcing the waste oil……..

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 22

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The processing unit………

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 23

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Testing the pH  titration……

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 24

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Determining the amount of ‘neutraliser to add………..

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 25

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Preparing and adding the methoxide………

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 26

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Removing the glycerol….. …….and testing batch quality

Hyperlink to video……..

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‘Washing’ the bio-diesel…….

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 28

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‘Drying’ and filtering the bio-diesel...

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 29

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Distributing the finished bio-diesel……

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 30

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 31

Purity Conversion

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 32

Source: http://www.make-biodiesel.org/ 27: 3 test 50:50 test

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 33

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 34

Finland example 1 (Iisalmi, near Kuopio)

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 35

Finland example 2 (Leppävesi, near Jyväskylä)

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 36

……uses for the waste glycerol (Leppävesi, near Jyväskylä)

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Types of waste used in anaerobic digester

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 37

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Case study – Graz in Austria

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 38

Hyperlink ´From the pan into the tank` Operational in Graz, Austria (since 1999) Approx’ 56 buses (50% of public transport)

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Phil Hollins@Jamk 39

The Green Fuels FuelMaker up to 8000 litres per day Made in batches of 600 litres Cost £280,000 ~ € 336,600 ``For a fully installed biodiesel factory based on this model,

you need to approximately double the cost ´´ Greenfuel representative

A typical industrial scale processing unit

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However, not all biodiesel is the same…

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 40

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Neste and UPM are competitors…..

Neste

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 42

Hydrotreated vegetable oil: HVO

Hyperlink (Neste) Hyperlink (Neste)

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 43

Neste NExBTL 100 Green Biodiesel Despite……..

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However, negative publicity……..

Hyperlink 1

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 45

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 46

Fischer-Tropsch (FT) biodiesel*

  • Also known as BTL,CTL AND GTL

Hyperlink – Neste & Stora Enso Hyperlink –UPM (Fisher Tropsch)

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 47

Source: www.forestindustries.fi

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48 Ruins of the Nazi synthetic petrol plant (Hydrierwerke Pölitz – Aktiengesellschaft), in Poland

What is new, is the use of a sustainable feedstock

Neither of these processes are new......

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Philip Hollins @ Jamk 49

Sasol Ltd. (Afrikaans: Suid Afrikaanse Steenkool en Olie,

English: South African Coal and Oil)

The largest producer of motor fuels from coal (Bloomberg,2011)

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Future biodiesel developments…….?

Hyperlink 2

Source: www.thebioenergysite.com

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  • FAME (Transesterification)

– Production: Oil + alcohol = Fatty acid ester (+ glycerol) – Simple production, low emissions – Quality, food vs fuel, enough feedstocks

  • HVO (Neste)

– Oils/fats +hydrotreatment => parrafin HC – Quality, emissions low, production at refinery level – Food vs fuel, enough feedstocks ?, deforestation, price?

  • Fischer-Tropsch (BTL)

– Biomass =>gasification=>syngas (CO+H2O) => (Fisher–Tropsch synthesis)=>paraffin HC – Quality, emissions low, any biomass – Price,development stage, diffucult process, small production so far

Source: Adapted from, Larmi and Tilli – Aalto University 2011

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 51

Bio-based diesel - summary

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Thank you for listening

Any questions ?

Philip Hollins @ Jamk 52