Pests to be Covered Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Red Palm Mite Darcy - - PDF document

9/7/2012 1

Darcy E. Oishi, Janis Garcia and Mann Ko 808-973-9525 hdoa.ppc@hawaii.gov

Pests to be Covered

 Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle  Red Palm Mite  South American Palm Weevil

R d Ri Di

 Red Ring Disease  Lethal Yellow  Cadang Cadang

Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle

Mark Schmaedick

Range

 Native Distribution: S and SE Asia  Introduced Range:  Guam, American Samoa, Palau, Tonga, New

Guinea, India, Sri Lanka Guinea, India, Sri Lanka

Potential Range Pathways

 Shipping containers  Plant material  Detritus

I d t b t H iʻi

 Increased movement between Hawaiʻi

and the Pacific Islands

 Expansion of U.S. military presence in

Guam

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Recognizing Damage

 Adults Burrow into the center of the

crown

 Damages young tissue as they feed of sap  When tissues leaf produces a distinct V-

When tissues leaf produces a distinct V shaped cut in frond

Bore Holes Bore holes V-ing of fronds

Mark Schmaedick

What could cause similar damage

 Rats can cause damage similar to CRB  The “V-ing”of leaves can occur due to

trimming

Control

 Sanitation: destruction of dead trees  Sanitation: mulching around base of live

trees

 Sanitation: cover dead trees with vines  Sanitation: cover dead trees with vines

• r ground cover

9/7/2012 3 Biocontrol: Metarhizium anisopliae Biocontrol Oryctes virus

Infected Uninfected

Note on Biocontrols

 Hawaii would need to obtain permits for

import

 Guam CRB infestation is resistant to the

virus but highly susceptible to the fungus virus but highly susceptible to the fungus

 Likeliest pathway for HI to become infested

is Guam

Control: Stir fried larvae! Red Palm Mite Range

 Native Range: Middle East  Introduced Range: Caribbean

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Pathways

 Typical pathway is infested host material  Can spread by wind currents  Highest risk pathway is from Florida

Can tra el on non propagati e parts

 Can travel on non-propagative parts  Woven hats or other items  Debris in containers etc.  Guam Pathway  Guam can get infested from Florida and in

turn infest Hawai‘i

Recognizing damage

 Visible to the naked eye; usually forms

clusters on the leaf

 Necrosis  Chlorosis  Chlorosis  Leaf yellowing (can be mistaken for

lethal yellow)

Colony on a leaf

Byrony Taylor

Severe infestation Close up Control

 Chemical  Neem oil  Systemics  Biocontrol*  Biocontrol  Predatory mites  Ladybeetles  A fungus  *Research has been done in Asia only

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South American Palm Weevil

Ulrich Zunke, University of Hamburg, Germany

Hosts

 Various palms  In addition:  Banana  Mango  Mango  Breadfruit  Pineapple  Sugarcane  Avocado (minor host)

Range

 Native Range: South and Central

America

 Expanded Range: Caribbean, limited

distribution California and Texas distribution California and Texas

U.S. Surveys Potential Range (excluding HI) Pathways

 USDA has intercepted on air and ship

cargo

 Typically on host fruit from S. and

Central America Central America

 Banana shipments are the highest risk

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Recognizing Damage

 Progressive yellowing of foliage  Emerging leaves destroyed  Flowers are necrotic

I h i f t ti

 In heavy infestations  Galleries are easily detectable  Produces foul odor  Palms 3-5 years most attractive

How to check a tree: Option 1

 Remove palm frond at base  Inspect/split base for  Tunneling  Larvae  Larvae  adults

How to check a tree: Option 2

 Cut multiple fronds from one side of the

from tip to start of trunk

 Inspect for  Larvae  Pupae  Adults  Most effective method of detecting

larvae and pupae

 Very invasive!

Control

 Kill trees (burning or chemical treatment)  Use traps and lures (applicable more for

government agency response)

 Biocontrol?  Biocontrol?

Red Ring Disease Life Cycle

 Vectored by South American Palm

Weevil (SAPW)

 Weevil infects trachea and gut  Vectored only by females during oviposition

Vectored only by females during oviposition

 Unknown if Red Palm Weevil (RPW)

can vector the disease

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Distribution

 South and Central America  Has not entered the mainland United

States-- YET

Pathways

 Similar to that of SAPW  High pathway for areas with SAPW but

no Red Ring Disease is seed nut industry industry

Detection

 Distinct red ring one to seven feet above

soil line

 External symptoms visible after 2 months  Wilt and yellowing of leaflets y g  Production of smaller or deformed leaves  Premature nut fall  Trees between 3 to 10 years old are more

susceptible

 Can be recovered from some leaves

Control

 Must control the

vector

 Destroy infected

trees by burning or h i l chemical use

 Long term:  Resistant strains?  Biocontrol?

Lucid central

Lethal Yellow What is it?

 Disease caused by mycoplasms  Systemic diseases vectored by a plant

hopper (not present in Hawaii per recent surveys for palm pests) surveys for palm pests)

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Distribution

 Native Range: Unknown  Expanded Range:  Africa  The Carribean  The Carribean  Parts of Central and South America  Parts of Florida and Texas

Pathways

 Movement of the vector  (lower risk, vector is not a good host)  Movement of infected plant material

Detection

 Stage 1:  Premature dropping

• f coconuts

 Fallen nuts will have

brown or black are brown or black are where it had attached to tree

Detection

 Stage 2  New flower stalks turn brown or black  No fruit set  Stage 3  Stage 3  Fronds turn yellow then brown  Affected fronds hand straight down  Canopy wilts and bud rots

Control

 Plant resistant cultivars  Control vector populations  Insecticidal control  Grass management (vector feeds on  Grass management (vector feeds on

grasses too)

 Treatment of infected plants  Injections on a quarterly basis

Cadang Cadang

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What is it?

 Viroid- short, single stranded RNA with a

protein coat similar to viruses

 Little is known:  How is it vectored?  How is it vectored?

Distribution

 Native Distribution: Believed to be the

central Philippines

 Expanded Distribution: Spreading

through Philippines through Philippines

 Very closely related viroid has been

found in Guam

Detection

 3 stages  Early- 2 to 4 years from infection

○ Scarification of coconuts ○ Fronds form bright yellow spots

 Medium- 4 to 6 years from infection

○ Stunting and killing of inflorescences ○ Wide spread yellow spotting looking like chlorosis

 Late: 6 years after infection

○ Yellow fronds decrease in number ○ All fronds disappear

Yellow leaf spots

• D. Hanold and J.W Randles
• D. Hanold and J.W Randles

Control

 Disease is always FATAL  Infected trees must be destroyed

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