Pes ests ts & & Path thogens s As Associ ciated w - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Pes ests ts & & Path thogens s As Associ ciated w - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 12, 2022 537 likes •859 views

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Pes ests ts & & Path thogens s As Associ ciated w with H h Hemp Dr. Leslie Beck Extension Weed

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development in New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs.

Pes ests ts & & Path thogens s As Associ ciated w with H h Hemp

  • Dr. Leslie Beck

Extension Weed Specialist, NM State University

  • Dr. Carol Sutherland

Extension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture Phillip Lujan Plant Diagnostician, NM State University

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Outline

  • Diagnostic clinic
  • Plant Pathogens
  • Weed management
  • Arthropods
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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

  • Who we are…
  • NPDN STAR-D accredited Sept 1, 2016 (4th lab in nation)

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

1993 1999 2004 2007 2018 Funding

University- $25,000 University/USDA- $50,000 University/NPDN- $90,000 University/NPDN /Grants- $110,000 University/NPDN /Grants- $113,000

Personnel

Director Director + Students Director + Diagnostician Director + Diagnostician Director + Diagnostician + Students

Lab Space

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Integrated Lab

No No Yes Yes Yes

Total Samples

350 1,300 6,300 9,000 43,205

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

  • Personnel:
  • Director (Extension Plant

Pathologist)

  • Diagnostician (Full time

employee)

  • Assistance from other

Specialists

  • Entomologists
  • Weed Scientists
  • Horticulturists
  • Nematologists
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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

  • Main Objectives:
  • To provide plant diagnostic services for the state of New

Mexico and the Southwestern region of the United States

  • To be a support lab/facility for the National Plant

Diagnostic Network Western Region

  • Overall objective: Establish a functional national network
  • f existing diagnostic laboratories to rapidly and

accurately detect and report pathogens, pests and weeds of national interest, whether intentionally introduced or not

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

  • Services we provide…
  • Integrated Plant Diagnostic Clinic
  • Diseases
  • Abiotic issues
  • Arthropods
  • Weed and Plant Identification
  • Permitted to receive unknowns (diseases/abiotic problems/nematodes)

from within the contiguous 48 states

  • Out-of-state samples require permit with shipment (Please check with me

before submission)

  • Currently unable to accept hemp samples for diagnostics,

however we are working on policy to allow the processing of hemp samples grown in NM. Cannabis samples NOT accepted.

  • “Test…Don’t guess!”

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

The Diagnostic Process

  • An accurate diagnosis

depends on:

– Early detection of plant problem – routine examination of the plant – Examination of good specimens and/or photos – Obtaining accurate information

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

The Diagnostic Process

Foliage diseases Check for injuries, disease

  • n the main stem

Keep most roots and soil intact if possible

Samples must contain the right material, an entire plant or several plants if practical

Diseases may show up on any part of the plant

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

Plant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

  • How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification

Plant clinic website: plantclinic.nmsu.edu

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

NMSU – Plant Diagnostic Clinic

  • How to submit a sample for diagnosis/identification
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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Key Plant Pathology Concepts

  • There are many different living and non-living

entities that can have a negative affect on plants

  • Plants that are under stress are more

susceptible to disease than plants that are growing strong

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Hem emp Disea seases s to

  • “W

“Watch For

  • r” (

(Sou

  • urces: Dr

Dr. Shouhua Wang, N Nevad ada; a; D

  • Dr. Zami

mir Punja, B BC, Canada)

Fusarium wilt/root rot: (Fusarium oxysporum/Fusarium solani) Pythium crown and root rot (Pythium spp.) Symptoms: damping off: chlorosis at leaves, wilt and topple

  • ver; brown rot at

soil line, necrosis Symptoms: chlorotic leaves, stunted plants, cutting into stems reveal reddish- brown discoloration

  • f xylem
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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Hem emp Disea seases s to

  • “W

“Watch For

  • r” (

(Sou

  • urces: Dr

Dr. Shouhua Wang, N Nevad ada; a; D

  • Dr. Zami

mir Punja, B BC, Canada)

Powdery mildew Phytoplasma witches’ broom Symptoms: early symptoms show raised humps on upper leaf surfaces, after mycelium develops then it becomes powdery Symptoms: chlorosis, dwarfing and hypertrophy of leaves or flowers (rosette/witches’ broom)

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

  • Start with disease-free planting

stock

  • Proper site selection and

planting time

  • Proper watering and fertilizing
  • Don’t plant too dense and create

a moist microclimate

  • Proper pruning and sanitation

practices – remove debris, sterilize tools, wash hands, etc.

  • Weed and insect control…

Cultural practices to minimize disease risk:

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Weed Management in Hemp

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Integrated Pest management (IPM)

  • Currently no labeled herbicides (organic or

synthetic) for hemp production in NM

  • Weed management must be dependent on

IPM strategies

– “Sustainable approach to managing pests by combining prevention, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks.”

  • Multiple control options available

– No single weed control option will be successful

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Weed Management Tools

  • How do I manage weeds?

– Prevention

  • Plant certified seed, clean equipment, weed control prior to

planting hemp, early detection/rapid response

– Mechanical/Physical

  • Tillage (if possible), hoeing, hand pulling, prescribed burning,

mulching, weed blankets, etc.

– Cultural

  • Reduce weeds by managing desired plants

– The more dense and aggressive the hemp crop, the more competition with weeds (greenhouse, row planting?)

  • Cover crops?

– Biological

  • Insects or fungi that work negatively on weed

– Chemical

  • No options in hemp
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Seed Bank

  • Sum of viable weed seeds and vegetative

propagules that are present in the soil and contribute to future weed pressure

– Consists of both new weed seeds, and dormant viable seeds – Also includes tubers, bulbs, rhizomes

  • One of the most important (though

neglected) and impactful weed management strategies

– Minimize ‘deposits’ and maximize ‘withdrawls’

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Seed Bed Preparation

  • Pre-crop preparation of the bed is the ideal

time to address weeds as much as possible!

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Why are the weeds there?

  • Indicator weeds – weeds whose presence in an

environment can often indicate an underlying management problem

– i.e. drainage problem, lack of nitrogen, high soil pH, compaction, etc.

  • Often different management can be suggested

to help desirable plants outcompete weeds

– Won’t control weeds outright, useful tool – Management depends on the method of hemp production

  • Open field, row planting, greenhouse, etc.
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Cover crops

  • Hemp grows quickly and densely, thus acts

as effective cover crop

– Row planting

  • Lack of herbicide use has lead to interest in
  • ther methods for weed control

– Grassy crops for increased competition (shorter grain production)

  • Rye
  • Hemp is usually marketed as gluten-free,

thus avoid grain cover crops

– Volunteer barley, wheat, other cereals

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  • Durable fabric – some last

for years

  • Water and air must pass

through

  • Organic options

biodegrade

  • Often covered with mulch

Weed barrier fabrics

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Regardless of management practice, make sure it’s used correctly!

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Arthropod

  • ds A

Associ

  • ciated

with He Hemp*

  • Dr. Carol Sutherland

Extension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture *Whitney Cranshaw, Entomology Extension Specialist Colorado State University

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Rice Root Aphid** Fungus Gnats

Root Feeders

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

‘Chewer ers’ s’ o

  • n H

n Hem emp p Foliage

  • beet webworm beet armyworm cotton square borer painted lady saltmarsh

yellow woollybear zebra caterpillars variegated & yellow-striped cutworms

  • Earwigs Grasshoppers Beetles: flea & cucumber beetles
  • R. Hake, TAMU
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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

‘Suckers on Hemp’ Foliage

Aphids: Cannabis (Phorodon cannabis**) & Thrips Rice Root (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis)** ‘True Bugs’: Leafhoppers, Lygus, False Chinch; Stink Bugs (Red-shouldered, Say’s & Conchuela) Mites: Two-spotted Spider Mite, Hemp Russet Mites**

Aculops cannibicola

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

‘Borers’ on Hemp Stems

European Corn Borer Eurasian Hemp Borer

(Lep., Pyralidae, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lep., Tortricidae Grapholita delineana)**

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

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BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Questions?

Diagnostic clinic / Disease issues

Contact: Phillip Lujan Email: pl11@nmsu.edu Office phone: 575-646-1822

Weed issues

Contact: Dr. Leslie Beck Email: lebeck@nmsu.edu Office phone: 575-646-2888

Entomology issues

Contact: Dr. Carol Sutherland Email: csutherl@nmda.nmsu.edu Office phone: 575-646-1132