Parking Policy Parking Policy From Despair and Conflict towards - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Parking Policy Parking Policy

From Despair and Conflict towards Hope and Sustainability towards Hope and Sustainability

Paul Barter

http://www.reinventingparking.org/

The situation in Parknagar

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

The situation in Parknagar

(a composite, fictionalized case study – 30min)

i i l di i Initial discussion

(the problem in Parknagar; common Indian responses – 30min)

International perspective: key choices and three paradigms

(what would they do in USA, Europe or Japan? – 45min)

Final exercise/discussion Final exercise/discussion

(YOU apply the key choices to Parknagar – 60min)

THE SITUATION IN PARKNAGAR

fictionalized case study neighbourhood in a large Indian city or metro

THE SITUATION IN PARKNAGAR

Parknagar Parknagar

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Study area focused on a

This unnamed place will play the role of Parknagar

Study area focused on a commercial main street Located 7km west of the Located 7km west of the

• ld city centre and 5km

west of the main modern Central Business District Central Business District (CBD) Outskirts of the city are Outskirts of the city are 10 to 15km further west St d i b t 400 Study area is about 400m x 350m

Parknagar Parknagar land uses land uses

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Retail and restaurants

Parknagar Road is a busy commercial strip of development, with less intense land uses away from the street.

Market/traditional retail Office

D

Office Residential

A D

Residential with commercial (mixed use)

F C

Hotel

E B

A, B, C etc = key data sites later

Parknagar Parknagar transport network transport network

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

28‐30m ROW streets

These have frequent bus service

D

18‐24m ROW streets

A D

12‐16m ROW streets 10 ROW l

C F

<10m ROW laneways Planned BRT

E B

Planned BRT line and station

(opening 2016)

Legal parking locations Legal parking locations

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

On‐street parking Off street surface public Off‐street surface public parking (run by contractors for city) k

A D

Frontage parking Basement public parking

A D

Basement private parking (mostly under offices)

C F

( y ) Residential and mixed

E B

use areas have private stilt parking and/or parking in compound

The Apparent Problem: street chaos The Apparent Problem: street chaos

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Especially at lunchtime on weekdays and all afternoon on weekends and all afternoon on weekends Double parking Angled parking where designated to be parallel P ki f

Image via http://transportpolicy2013.blogspot.sg/2013/06/parking-policy-in-india.html

Parking on footways (2‐wheelers, some

cars)

Illegal parking in narrow laneways Illegal parking in narrow laneways Parking close to intersections, at bus stops, etc bus stops, etc

The Apparent Problem: street chaos The Apparent Problem: street chaos

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Locations of illegal and nuisance parking (day):

D

‐ Mainly 4‐wheelers ‐ Mainly 2‐wheelers

A D

y

C F E B

The Apparent Problem: under The Apparent Problem: under‐used off used off‐street street

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Underground parking not popular popular Some retail buildings ‘misuse’ parking space ‘misuse’ parking space

A Dhaka example

The Apparent Problem: residential The Apparent Problem: residential

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Illegal parking (both day and night) in narrow streets and laneways that provide access to residential access to residential compounds Conflict among vehicle

• wners (mainly in and around
• wners (mainly in and around

more affluent residential compounds for now but i i ) increasing)

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Quick Discussion: the Apparent Problems Quick Discussion: the Apparent Problems

In a minute we will take a more detailed look, In a minute we will take a more detailed look, including some basic parking survey data But first, take a moment to think about the t f th bl h nature of the problems here Is it obvious what is the problem?

(so maybe it seems obvious what needs to be done?) ( y )

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire

(please write your answers; we will discuss later in the session)

• 1. Who should bear primary responsibility for

(p y ; )

• 1. Who should bear primary responsibility for

supplying parking facilities?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Local Government
• B. Building developers and owners
• B. Building developers and owners

C Businesses supplying parking on a commercial basis

• C. Businesses supplying parking on a commercial basis

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire

• 2. Which of the following should be the primary

it i f tti ki h ? criterion for setting parking charges?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Cost of providing the parking

B Social and political acceptability

• B. Social and political acceptability
• C. Consistency with the governments’ transport and

b li l urban policy goals

• D. Market forces of supply and demand

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire

• 3. Where should a motorist heading to a mid‐sized

ll i i d di t i t k hi /h ? mall in a mixed‐use district park his/her car?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. In the mall’s own parking facility
• B. Any legal parking space in the area that is

convenient (while paying the appropriate parking h ) charge)

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire

• 4. Suppose the motorist in the previous question

k d i th ll ki l t Sh fi i h h parked in the mall parking lot. She finishes her shopping and goes for a meal in a restaurant down th t t Sh h ld the street. She should:

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Leave the car in the mall parking and walk to the

restaurant

• B. Move the car to the restaurant’s parking lot

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire

• 5. Which of the following is the MOST important

i hi h ki ti ? way in which parking causes congestion?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Simply by being at the kerb, parking hinders traffic flow

(which is the primary purpose of the roadway)

• B. A high number of parking spaces in busy areas encourages

more motorists to drive than the roads can handle

• C. Poorly managed on‐street parking results in full on‐street

parking which encourages motorists to circle in search of parking and to wait in traffic lanes or double park parking and to wait in traffic lanes or double park

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire Your Attitudes to Parking: a short questionnaire

• 6. What is your reaction to the idea of a special

R 20 ki h f t i t i i t Rs20 parking surcharge for motorists arriving at peaking in AM peak hour and leaving in PM peak?

( h ONE ti b l th t b t t h i ) (choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Great idea!
• B. This is just another tax grab in disguise!
• C. Not bad but if parking is to have a peak surcharge it

should reflect times of peak parking demand not peak traffic demand peak traffic demand

Simple Diagnostic Tools Simple Diagnostic Tools

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Most essential even in simple low‐cost study: – Parking inventory – Occupancy survey If possible:

– Duration survey (to also yield time‐space perspective ) – Basic mode of access survey (customers, employees)

Parking inventory Parking inventory

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

On‐street parking Off street surface public Off‐street surface public parking (run by contractors for city) k

A D

Frontage parking Basement public parking

A D

Basement private parking (mostly under offices)

C F

( y ) Residential mostly has

EB

Residential mostly has stilt parking or parking in compound

Parking inventory Parking inventory

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Proportion of legal parking space (Equivalent Car Spaces ECS) of each type: Spaces ECS) of each type:

‐ On‐street parking (legal) 10% Off street surface public parking 20% ‐ Off‐street surface public parking 20% ‐ Frontage parking 5% B t bli ki 20% ‐ Basement public parking 20% ‐ Basement private parking 15% d l l d ‐ Residential stilt or compound 30% At any one time, two‐wheelers are between 60 and 70% of h hi l k d b k l h 20% f ki the vehicles parked, but take less than 20% of parking space

Two Two‐wheeler parking is space efficient wheeler parking is space efficient

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

19m 19m

56 motor-cycles here

9m 1m

56 motor cycles here

3m 14m 4m

14 marked car spaces here

10m 2m 14m

One car space per 19 square metres One motorcycle per 1.6 square metres

3m 1m

My measurements of parking dimensions in a park-and-ride lot in Bogor, Indonesia

Prices ( Prices (4‐wheeler rates per hour)

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Fees for motorised 2‐wheelers = ½ those for 4‐wheelers O t t ki (l l) R 4 i d ‐ On‐street parking (legal) Rs4 on main roads (9am‐5pm, 7 days) free on minor streets (16m and less) ‐ Off‐street surface public parking Rs10 ‐ Frontage parking free if eligible g p g g ‐ Basement retail public parking Rs20 ‐ Illegal parking free Illegal parking free (small risk of towing fee Rs100)

Do you see any problems here?

Simple occupancy surveys reveal where the

• ccupancy rate is too high
• ccupancy rate is too high …

… and where it is too low

Data collection with:

d pen and paper

• r photographs (include license plates)
• r video (include license plates)

100% 100%

Occupancies Saturday 4 August 3:08‐3:33pm

Example from Bogor, Indonesia

89% 89% 89% 89% 100% 80% 90% 100% 67% 78% 67% 67% 75% 67% 67% 78% 67% 78% 60% 70% 80% 56% 40% 50% 60%

Usual target

• ccupancy range

33% 33% 20% 30%

• ccupancy range

for on‐street parking

0% 10% A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S

South End North End

Jl Roda Toko ABC Megaswara

Reminder on locations for the example Reminder on locations for the example

• ccupancy and duration data
• ccupancy and duration data

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• ccupancy and duration data
• ccupancy and duration data

A = on‐street near medium‐sized mall B = on‐street near offices

A D

C = illegal in laneway D ll b

A D

D = mall basement E = office basement

C F

F = government‐owned public surface parking

EB

p p g

Some occupancy survey results Some occupancy survey results

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Tues lunch Tues 6pm Sat lunch Sat 6pm Wed 2am

• n‐street near medium‐sized mall

A: 110% 100% 125% 120% 20% A: 110% 100% 125% 120% 20%

mall basement

D: 60% 50% 80% 75%

closed

• n‐street near offices

B: 105% 90% 110% 95% 20%

government‐owned public surface parking

F: 80% 60% 70% 60% 20%

• ffice basement
• ffice basement

E: 70% 40% 15% 10%

closed

illegal in laneway

C: 90% 80% 75% 70% 50% C: 90% 80% 75% 70% 50% Based on Equivalent Car Space occupancy

Mode of access survey results Mode of access survey results

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

How shop/business customers reach the area:

‐ Foot 20% ‐ Bicycle 5% ‐ Bus and other public transport 15% ‐ Bus and other public transport 15% ‐ Autorickshaw or taxi 10% ‐ Motorised 2‐wheeler 30% ‐ Private 4‐wheeler 20%

Mode of access survey results Mode of access survey results

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

How workers reach the area:

‐ Foot 10% ‐ Bicycle 10% ‐ Bus and other public transport 25% ‐ Autorickshaw or taxi 5% Motorised 2 wheeler 35% ‐ Motorised 2‐wheeler 35% ‐ Private 4‐wheeler 15%

Duration survey uration survey

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Vehicles parked all day can occupy a high % of the space despite being a rather small % of the people parking despite being a rather small % of the people parking An Indonesian example of parking durations (left) and % of space used by long‐term parking (right)

Parking Durations (4‐wheelers)

≤ 1

1 < X ≤ 2 2 X ≤ 3 3 X ≤ 4

≤ 1 hour

1 < X ≤ 2

hour

2 < X ≤ 3 hour 3 < X ≤ 4 hour ≥ 4 hour

Sudirman Road Sudirman Road Utara 68% 8% 1% 1% 23%

Reminder on locations for the example Reminder on locations for the example

• ccupancy and duration data
• ccupancy and duration data

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• ccupancy and duration data
• ccupancy and duration data

A = on‐street near medium‐sized mall B = on‐street near offices

A D

C = illegal in laneway D ll b

A D

D = mall basement E = office basement

C F

F = government‐owned public surface parking

EB

p p g

Some duration survey results Some duration survey results

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Tuesday daytime results Average % > 3 hours % of used space by hi l k d 3 h vehicles parked >3 hrs

• n‐street near medium‐sized mall

A: 1.3 15% 30%

mall basement

D: 0.8 10% 20%

t t ffi

• n‐street near offices

B: 1.8 25% 50%

government‐owned public surface parking

F 0 6 12% 24% F: 0.6 12% 24%

• ffice basement

E: 4.0 60% 85%

illegal in laneway

C: 2.6 35% 70%

DISCUSSION: THE PROBLEM AND DISCUSSION: THE PROBLEM AND INDIAN CITIES’ USUAL RESPONSES

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Did the basic parking data in the last few slides change your understanding of the nature of the parking problems in the area? If so, in what ways?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

What is the most common set of policy efforts that Indian cities are using for cases like this?

(leave aside for now experiments in certain cities) Suppose that just such an approach is pursued in Parknagar for the next 10 years. Would you expect it to yield positive results for the area at the end of 10 years? And what if is pursued more strenuously and intensively?

One more quick question One more quick question

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

How different is the existing common Indian approach discussed just now from the advice in the National Urban Transport Policy for India? (

bli h d b Mi i t f U b D l t

India? (published by Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India, April 2006)

(see next slide)

Parking advice in NUTP (abridged)

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Land is valuable in all urban areas. ... This fact should be recognized in determining the principles for Multi‐level parking complexes should be made a mandatory requirement in city centers that have several high rise commercial complexes Such complexes allocation of parking space. Levy of a high parking fee, that truly represents the value of the land d h ld b d commercial complexes. Such complexes could even be constructed underground … Such complexes could come up through public‐private partnerships …

• ccupied, should be used as a means to

make the use of public transport more

• attractive. …

St t t ld b i d In residential areas too, appropriate changes in bye‐laws would be considered to free the public carriage way from parked State governments would be required to amend building bye laws in all million plus cities so that adequate parking space is available for all vehicles that impede the smooth flow of traffic. Proposals for parking complexes would also p g p residents / users of such buildings. To enable this, FAR norms would be made more liberal. be given priority under the National Urban Renewal Mission. Provisions would also be made in the l l h appropriate legislation to prevent the use

• f the right of way on road systems for

parking purposes.

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE:

DO parking policy differently, THINK about parking differently

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: KEY CHOICES AND THREE PARADIGMS

40

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

We will look at how parking gets DONE diff tl i diff t l DONE differently in different places In the process, we will see that doing parking differently involves doing parking differently involves THINKING differently

If parking policy from XXXX could be If parking policy from XXXX could be parachuted into parachuted into Parknagar Parknagar

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

parachuted into parachuted into Parknagar Parknagar, , what would they do? what would they do?

Mainstream USA (such as LA) Europe (especially northern and central Europe,

such as London, Berlin, Amsterdam or Zurich)

Japan’s large cities And what would Donald Shoup (leading reformer of US parking policy) advise?

But first a question But first a question

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

But first, a question But first, a question

Some of the responses from these places would involve parking price rises and/or t i i ki l constraining parking supply (at least relative to

current plans for greatly increased supply)

Suppose car parking prices throughout Parknagar were to rise what Parknagar were to rise, what responses are available to car users?

Motorist options if parking prices rise and/or

• torist options if parking prices rise and/or

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

parking supply is constrained parking supply is constrained

O ti hil till d i i O ti i l i d hift Options while still driving car:

Just paying (no behaviour change) is an option

Options involving mode shift:

Motorcycle Auto‐rickshaw or taxi Shift parking location slightly and walk R d ki d ti Auto‐rickshaw or taxi Walking (very likely option for short trips) Bicycle or Rickshaw Reduce parking duration Car‐pooling/sharing rides Get dropped off (family or driver) y Public transport Get dropped off (family or driver) Valet parking (often linked with

restaurants)

Motorist options if parking prices rise and/or

• torist options if parking prices rise and/or

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

parking supply is constrained parking supply is constrained

NOTICE M ti NOTICE: Many options besides public transport! MOST ki f d MOST parking reform does NOT require good public transport as a precondition Th i i The main exception: aggressive use of parking supply limits for TDM, which is feasible only for transit‐rich central locations

What would mainstream USA do? What would mainstream USA do?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Pretty much what Indian

The median USA parking requirements for restaurants. Source Seth Goodman

http://graphingparking.wordpress.com/

cities are trying …

Parking norms (minimum parking requirements) rigidly

p //g p gp g p /

parking requirements) rigidly enforced Reluctance to price or to raise Reluctance to price or to raise prices even if parking saturated Subsidized public parking by Subsidized public parking by local governments (subsidy mostly

via land granted)

What would mainstream USA do? What would mainstream USA do?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Th ‘ i l

People in suburban USA (or Australia), are shocked

The ‘conventional suburban’ approach

People in suburban USA (or Australia), are shocked that some Westfield shopping centres have started to charge for parking (although parking is still free for the first 3 hours)

to parking policy

This is where my elementary school once was

Why reject conventional suburban approach? Why reject conventional suburban approach?

A kl d

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Auckland, New Zealand

‘Fertility drug for cars’ Unjust subsidies and cross‐subsidies cross subsidies

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Why reject conventional suburban approach? Why reject conventional suburban approach? Locked into automobile dependence p Or pushed towards Or pushed towards automobile dependence dependence

L A l USA Los Angeles, USA

Why reject conventional suburban approach? Why reject conventional suburban approach?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Hinders re‐use, d l t i fill f redevelopment, infill of

• lder areas

Harms housing affordability especially for affordability, especially for small units and small sites

Near the center of Houston, USA (via Google Maps)

Obstacle to transit‐oriented development development

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

KEY CHOICES AND THREE PARADIGMS KEY CHOICES AND THREE PARADIGMS

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Every site should Parking facilities have its own parking serve whole neighbourhoods Parking is “infrastructure”

• 1. conventional

suburban

• 2. parking

management infrastructure suburban management Parking is a “real‐estate based service”

• 3. market‐oriented

based service

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

What What would Europeans would Europeans (and some USA inner cities too) do (and some USA inner cities too) do?

Initially, same as suburban USA … but in old urban fabric, thi k b dl

(and some USA inner cities too) do (and some USA inner cities too) do?

this works badly Then try public parking facilities to get ‘enough’ supply … but this forced to manage on‐street but this forced to manage on street

This lead to the “parking management” MINDSET Parking is infrastructure (like streets and bus stops) Mostly planned district by district, not site by site

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

What What would Europeans would Europeans do? do?

‘Parking management’ Many tools Various goals fli Manages conflict Tools:

pricing, restricted eligibility, time‐limits, design, sharing, public parking not private, g , g, p p g p , parking taxes, supply adjustments

What would NW Europeans do? What would NW Europeans do? Step Step‐by by‐step intensification step intensification of

• f

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• n
• n‐

‐street street parking parking management management

‐ Intensive kerbside management ‐ Time limits often ‐ Pricing ‐ Residents’ permits/permit zones

This sign is from inner Sydney (inner city areas in US and Australia also deploy intensive parking management)

What would What would NW Europeans NW Europeans do do? ? Gradual Enforcement Enhancement Gradual Enforcement Enhancement

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Gradual Enforcement Enhancement Gradual Enforcement Enhancement

‐ Vehicle owner responsibility ‐ Efficient vehicle register ‐ ‘Administrative’ or ‘civil’ offence ‐ Local or outsourced wardens not by police if possible police if possible ‐ Increasing automation

Photo by Flickr user gregwake

What would What would NW Europeans NW Europeans do do? ? Active prioritizing among user groups Active prioritizing among user groups

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Active prioritizing among user groups Active prioritizing among user groups Residents’ priority Shopping/visitor priority P i il i bli ki Primarily in public parking

not ‘customer‐only’ private parking

Commuter parking lower priority

‐ Not prime spaces (shift location to edges of commercial districts) ‐ Mode change

What would NW Europeans do? What would NW Europeans do? Pricing Pricing as a key management tool as a key management tool

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Pricing Pricing as a key management tool as a key management tool

Off‐street at market prices

Source: (Survey by GTZ, 2008, www.sutp.org)

(increasingly even for government‐

• wned parking)

Various on‐street approaches:

– Zones linked with TDM aims – ‘a bit more than the bus fare’ O t t ( i tl ) – Occupancy targets (quietly)

• UK, Hungary, Amsterdam
• Hence small price zones

Source: www.pecs.hu

What would NW Europeans do? What would NW Europeans do? Parking Parking norms norms reform reform

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Parking Parking norms norms reform reform

Parking minimum abolition (UK; Berlin) Parking maximums (UK; g

Netherlands transit‐oriented locations; German central areas)

k l k d Parking minimums linked with transit‐accessibility

(Zurich, Netherlands, Paris, many (Zurich, Netherlands, Paris, many

• thers)

What would What would NW Europeans NW Europeans do? do? City City Centre parking supply restriction Centre parking supply restriction

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

City City Centre parking supply restriction Centre parking supply restriction

as TDM and for public realm improvements Inner city residents’ priority y p y also serves TDM goals by limiting commuter parking ( ) (German cities) CBD supply limits often paired

Nyhavn in Copenhagen – before and after 1980

Source: Kristian Skovbakke Villadsen, May 2012

with Park‐and‐ride on the

• utskirts (for example, funded with inner

it ki f f i li t ) city parking fees or fee‐in‐lieu payments)

Image from comons.wikimedia.org

What would Japanese parking policy do? What would Japanese parking policy do?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Japan’s parking – inadvertently market‐oriented Result of 3 pragmatic policies

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

1 Very limited on‐street parking (with improved

• 1. Very limited on street parking (with improved

enforcement and control since 2006)

and overnight on street parking not allowed and overnight on‐street parking not allowed since 1950s

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 2. Japanese cities have parking minimums

but with very low rates but with very low rates

http://beta.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities

and the parking norms exempt small buildings

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

and the parking norms exempt small buildings

Floor area threshold below which there are no parking requirements Y (1 500

2

2 000

2) Ab

th th h ld ki Tokyo Yes (1,500 m2 or 2,000 m2). Above the threshold, parking requirements phase in gradually according to a formula. At full force only from 6,000 m2 floor area. Guangzhou Yes (500 m2) Taipei city Yes (300 m2 or 500 m2)

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 3. Proof‐of‐parking rule for residential parking

p g p g

(prove access to a near‐home parking place before registering any car) So local commercial parking emerged almost everywhere So local commercial parking emerged almost everywhere Became unnecessary to update parking norms Accidentally they now had market oriented parking systems! Accidentally, they now had market-oriented parking systems!

What would Japanese parking policy do? What would Japanese parking policy do?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Some government supply built in the past but it is now market priced Ubiquitous commercial parking Park‐once neighborhoods are g the norm (parking a district not a site‐by‐site thing)

THREE THREE PARADIGMS: MARKET ORIENTED PARADIGMS: MARKET ORIENTED

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Parking is a real‐estate Parking is a real estate based service (with market

prices, like meeting rooms)

Each parking site serves area (within walking distance)

Hong Kong

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

What would Prof Donald What would Prof Donald Shoup Shoup suggest? suggest?

Donald Shoup’s market‐oriented proposals i. Price on‐street parking for 85%

• ccupancy

ii U t l l l ii. Use revenue to please local stakeholders iii. Abolish minimum parking p g requirements In short, government must get the on‐ street parking right Th k t f b ll d t Then market forces can be allowed to take care of the off‐street parking

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

What would Prof Donald What would Prof Donald Shoup Shoup suggest? suggest?

Best on‐street price setting principle:

• D. Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking

OCCUPANCY Occupancy surveys or monitoring Occupancy surveys or monitoring If >>85% full THEN increase price If <<85% full THEN lower price If occupancy in “sweet spot” THEN no change

Reduces traffic by

THEN no change

y reducing cruising not reducing trips Complements other reforms

What would Prof Donald What would Prof Donald Shoup Shoup suggest? suggest?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Figure via Michael Replogle, ITDP

KEY CHOICES AND THREE PARADIGMS KEY CHOICES AND THREE PARADIGMS

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Every site should Parking facilities have its own parking serve whole neighbourhoods Parking is “infrastructure”

• 1. conventional

suburban

• 2. parking

management infrastructure suburban management Parking is a “real‐estate based service”

• 3. market‐oriented

based service

FINAL DISCUSSION: LET’S APPLY FINAL DISCUSSION: LET S APPLY EACH OF THE TWO ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO PARKNAGAR APPROACHES TO PARKNAGAR

71

Thinking Differently and Thinking Differently and Doing Things Differently Doing Things Differently

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

in India’s cities in India’s cities

A Suppose you adopt a “parking management”

• A. Suppose you adopt a parking management

mind‐set to THINK about parking and, hence, look to Europe especially for ideas on DOING p p y parking policy. What key parking policies you would favour now for Parknagar?

• B. Suppose you adopt a “market‐oriented” mind‐

set to THINK about parking and, hence, look to p g , , Japan and to Donald Shoup for ideas on DOING parking policy. What key parking policies you would favour now for Parknagar?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

Your Attitudes to Parking: Let’s Debrief Your Attitudes to Parking: Let’s Debrief

• 1. Who should bear primary responsibility for
• 1. Who should bear primary responsibility for

supplying parking facilities?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Local Government
• B. Building developers and owners
• B. Building developers and owners

C Businesses supplying parking on a commercial basis

• C. Businesses supplying parking on a commercial basis

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 2. Which of the following should be the primary

it i f tti ki h ? criterion for setting parking charges?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Cost of providing the parking

B Social and political acceptability

• B. Social and political acceptability
• C. Consistency with the governments’ transport and

b li l urban policy goals

• D. Market forces of supply and demand

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 3. Where should a motorist heading to a mid‐sized

ll i i d di t i t k hi /h ? mall in a mixed‐use district park his/her car?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. In the mall’s own parking facility
• B. Any legal parking space in the area that is

convenient (while paying the appropriate parking h ) charge)

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 4. Suppose the motorist in the previous question

k d i th ll ki l t Sh fi i h h parked in the mall parking lot. She finishes her shopping and goes for a meal in a restaurant down th t t Sh h ld the street. She should:

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Leave the car in the mall parking and walk to the

restaurant

• B. Move the car to the restaurant’s parking lot

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 5. Which of the following is the MOST important

i hi h ki ti ? way in which parking causes congestion?

(choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Simply by being at the kerb, parking hinders traffic flow

(which is the primary purpose of the roadway)

• B. A high number of parking spaces in busy areas encourages

more motorists to drive than the roads can handle

• C. Poorly managed on‐street parking results in full on‐street

parking which encourages motorists to circle in search of parking and to wait in traffic lanes or double park parking and to wait in traffic lanes or double park

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• 6. What is your reaction to the idea of a special

R 20 ki h f t i t i i t Rs20 parking surcharge for motorists arriving at peaking in AM peak hour and leaving in PM peak?

( h ONE ti b l th t b t t h i ) (choose ONE option below that best matches your view)

• A. Great idea!
• B. This is just another tax grab in disguise!
• C. Not bad but if parking is to have a peak surcharge it

should reflect times of peak parking demand not peak traffic demand peak traffic demand

What parking fees for parking buildings to be hat parking fees for parking buildings to be a reasonable investment? a reasonable investment?

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

a reasonable investment? a reasonable investment?

I used my parking cost spreadsheet to make an estimate using these assumptions:

‐ Modest 10% IRR after 15 years (not a great investment) l d i f R 100 000 ‐ land price of Rs100,000 per sq. m ‐ Assumed motorcycles half the vehicles but 20% of the space at a fee half of cars p ‐ Five storey building with construction cost per ECS of US$6,500 (or Rs433,000)

Result: Need about Rs60/hr for cars

(and Rs25/hr if land is a gift)

Parknagar’s Parknagar’s best hope is improved best hope is improved

Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking

• n
• n‐street

street parking parking management? management?

Improving this in India won’t be easy Did today’s session help you see how central and important on‐street management is?