Organization 2 Review of some key concepts from the first half of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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EE 109 Unit 12 – Computer Organization

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A BRIEF SUMMARY

Review of some key concepts from the first half of the semester

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A Few Big Ideas 1

• Setting and clearing bits in a register tells the hardware what

do and when (this is SW interacting with HW)

• Speed matters

– Your software is executing quickly compared to how fast a human can do something – You can use that to your advantage: blinking an LED at a fast rate can give the illusion it's always on but just more dim – Or it can work to your disadvantage: One button press may look like many because a loop may see one press on multiple iterations. – We must write our software with this in mind

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A Few Big Ideas 2

• Clocking or enables are necessary to say "when"

– Digital signals are always 1's and 0's so just looking at the bits doesn't tell us how many we have – We usually need clocks (pulses) to tell the hardware when we want it to grab the data

Just looking at this set of digital values, are we sending 0101 once, twice, three times, how many? Once because we use the clock/enable to indicate that. But without the clock we'd have no clue how many times we are trying to write 0101

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A Few Big Ideas 3

• External events happen asynchronously with your

software (don't know "when" something has happened)

– Your software program is the brains for how to process information but it doesn't magically know "when" something has happened? – We have to keep checking it (polling) or – Hardware designers built "interrupt" mechanisms to help

• Many tasks can be done in either SW or HW; SW may be

easier to code/use but HW provides parallelism

– A 0.1 second timer can be done in SW using delays but then software can't do much else – Or in HW using timers allowing SW to do other tasks

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REVISITING CECS

Big picture ideas of what the CECS major prepares you for

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Remember Day 1

http://www.cmu.edu/news/image-archive/Boss.jpg http://prisonerofclass-5933.zippykid.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/iphone.jpg http://firstcallappliance.com/wp-content/uploads/image/microwave.jpg http://www.amazon.com/Fisher-Price-T-M-X-Tickle-Me-Elmo/dp/B000ETRE0Q http://oeatech.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/RADARSAT2-satellite.jpg

• Computer engineering prepares

you for a broad set of fields

– You could work in the SW industry – You could work in the HW industry – You will be most qualified for jobs that combine that knowledge

• We've been focused on the

software/hardware interaction embodied in embedded systems

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You Can Do That…

C / C++ / Java Logic Gates Transistors

HW SW

Voltage / Currents Assembly / Machine Code Applications Libraries OS Processor / Memory / I/O Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes)

Devices & Integrated Circuits (Semiconductors & Fabrication) Architecture (Processor & Embedded HW) Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) Applications (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining,etc.)

Scripting & Interfaces Networked Applications

What we've been focusing on thus far

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Dive Into a SmartPhone

• Here's a picture of what's inside the

iPhoneTM 6

• Both sides of the circuit board are

populated with chips

http://www.techinsights.com/teardown.com/apple-iphone-6/

https://d3nevzfk7ii3be.cloudfront.net/igi/6MaZk5cEE2tm1uCj.huge

Battery 2-sided Circuit Board

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What's Inside Your SmartPhone

• What's inside an iPhone 6?
• Microcontrollers/microprocessors

– Apple A8 APL1011 SoC + Elpida 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM – SoC = System on Chip…Not just a processor but a processor with custom hardware to do specialized tasks…on-board graphics processor in this case – NXP LPC18B1UK ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers – Similar on-board I/O modules as the Arduino. Take a look… – http://www.nxp.com/products/microcontrollers/cortex_m3/

• Modem + Amplifiers + Transceivers for wireless

communication

– Qualcomm MDM9625M LTE Modem + many others

http://www.techinsights.com/teardown.com/apple-iphone-6/

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What's Inside?

• A gyroscope, accelerometer, and touchscreen

– InvenSense MP67B 6-axis gyroscope and accelerometer combo – Broadcom BCM5976 Touchscreen Controller – Both use some form of A-to-D conversion to sense motion or touch

• Memory Storage

– SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD1BMS 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash

• Other specialized HW I/O modules

– Murata 339S0228 Wi-Fi Module – Qualcomm PM8019 power management IC – Cirrus Logic 338S1201 audio codec

http://www.techinsights.com/teardown.com/apple-iphone-6/

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Computer Engineering & HW

• Computer engineering prepares you to

work in jobs that design these kinds of systems by:

– Learning how to design digital circuits using logic gates [AND, OR, NOT] (EE 154 and EE 254 Digital System Design) – Learning how to optimize processors to execute software as efficiently as possible (EE 457 Computer Architecture) – Learn how to assemble many HW pieces (processor cores, RAM, specialized HW) to form systems-on-chip (EE 454L – SoC Design) – Learn some of the physics and science of fabricating these designs on silicon (EE 277L and EE 477L VLSI Design)

http://www.anandtech.com/show/8562/chipworks-a8

Die Photo of the Apple A8 SoC Processor

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BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

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You Can Do That…

C / C++ / Java Logic Gates Transistors

HW SW

Voltage / Currents Assembly / Machine Code Applications Libraries OS Processor / Memory / I/O Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes)

Devices & Integrated Circuits (Semiconductors & Fabrication) Architecture (Processor & Embedded HW) Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) Applications (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining,etc.)

Scripting & Interfaces Networked Applications

Where we will head now…

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Computer Engineering as Abstraction Levels

C / C++ / Java Logic Gates Transistors

HW SW

Voltage / Currents Assembly / Machine Code Applications Libraries OS Processor / Memory / I/O Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes)

Controlling Input (Gate ) Output (Drain ) Source

F x y z

+

B A S if (x > 0) then x = x + y - z; a = b*x; Transistors Logic AND gate Functional Units Chips (Processors) Software Code

CMPR X,0 JLE SKIP ADD X,X,Y SUB X,X,Z SKIP MUL A,B,X

• -
• -
• - -

1110010101…

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Motivation

• We will start to learn assembly language so that…

– …we understand why high level code has some of the constructs it has (if, while, etc) – …we understand the basic hardware inside a computer and why certain structures are there – …we can start to understand why HW companies create the structures they do (multicore processors) – …we can start to understand why SW companies deal with some of the issues they do (efficiencies, etc.)

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Computer Organization

• Three primary sets of

components

– Processor – Memory – I/O (everything else)

• Tell us where things live?

– Running code – Compiled program (not running) – Circuitry to execute code – Source code file – Data variables – Data for the pixels being displayed on your screen

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Input / Output

• Processor performs reads and writes to communicate with I/O

devices just as it does with memory

– I/O devices have locations (i.e. registers) that contain data that the processor can access – These registers are assigned unique addresses just like memory

Video Interface

FE may signify a white dot at a particular location … 800

Processor Memory

A D C 800 FE WRITE … 3FF FE 01

Keyboard Interface

61 400 ‘a’ = 61 hex in ASCII

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Processor

• 3 Primary Components inside a processor

– ALU – Registers – Control Circuitry

• Connects to memory and I/O via address, data, and control

buses (bus = group of wires)

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

Bus

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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

• Executes arithmetic operations like addition

and subtraction along with logical operations (AND, OR, etc.)

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

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Registers

• Some are for general use by software

– Registers provide fast, temporary storage locations within the processor (to avoid having to read/write slow memory)

• Others are required for specific purposes to ensure

proper operation of the hardware

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

PC R0-R31

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General Purpose Registers

• Registers available to software instructions for use

by the programmer/compiler

• Instructions use these registers as inputs (source

locations) and outputs (destination locations)

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

R0-R31 PC

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What if we didn’t have registers?

• Example w/o registers: F = (X+Y) – (X*Y)

– Requires an ADD instruction, MULtiply instruction, and SUBtract Instruction – w/o registers

• ADD: Load X and Y from memory, store result to memory
• MUL: Load X and Y again from mem., store result to memory
• SUB: Load results from ADD and MUL and store result to memory
• 9 memory accesses

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

R0-R31 X Y F PC

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What if we have registers?

• Example w/ registers: F = (X+Y) – (X*Y)

– Load X and Y into registers – ADD: R0 + R1 and store result in R2 – MUL: R0 * R1 and store result in R3 – SUB: R2 – R3 and store result in R4 – Store R4 back to memory – 3 total memory access

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

R0-R31 X Y X Y F PC

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Other Registers

• Some bookkeeping information is needed to make the

processor operate correctly

• Example: Program Counter (PC)

– Recall that the processor must fetch instructions from memory before decoding and executing them – PC register holds the address of the currently executing instruction

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

1 2 3 4 5 6

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

PC R0-R31

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Fetching an Instruction

• To fetch an instruction

– PC contains the address of the instruction – The value in the PC is placed on the address bus and the memory is told to read – The PC is incremented, and the process is repeated for the next instruction

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

• inst. 2

1 2 3 4 FF

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

PC R0-R31

• inst. 1
• inst. 3
• inst. 4
• inst. 5

…

PC = Addr = 0 Data = inst.1 machine code Control = Read

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Fetching an Instruction

• To fetch an instruction

– PC contains the address of the instruction – The value in the PC is placed on the address bus and the memory is told to read – The PC is incremented, and the process is repeated for the next instruction

Processor

Addr Data Control

Memory

• inst. 2

1 2 3 4

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

1

PC R0-R31

• inst. 1
• inst. 3
• inst. 4
• inst. 5

PC = Addr = 1 Data = inst.2 machine code Control = Read FF

…

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Control Circuitry

• Control circuitry is used to decode the instruction and then

generate the necessary signals to complete its execution

• Controls the ALU
• Selects Registers to be used as source and destination

locations

Processor

Addr Data Control

ALU

ADD, SUB, AND, OR

• p.

in1 in2

• ut

R0-R31

Control Memory

• inst. 2

1 2 3 4

• inst. 1
• inst. 3
• inst. 4
• inst. 5

PC FF

…

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Control Circuitry

• Assume 0201 hex is machine code for an ADD instruction of

R2 = R0 + R1

• Control Logic will…

– select the registers (R0 and R1) – tell the ALU to add – select the destination register (R2)

Processor

Addr Data Control

ALU

ADD

ADD in1 in2

• ut

PC R0-R31

Control Memory

• inst. 2

1 2 3 4

0201

• inst. 3
• inst. 4
• inst. 5

0201 FF

…

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BACKUP

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Dive Into A Smartphone

• What's inside?

– Apple A8 APL1011 SoC + Elpida 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM – NXP LPC18B1UK ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers (which is the proper name for the M8 motion coprocessor) – Qualcomm MDM9625M LTE Modem – InvenSense MP67B 6-axis gyroscope and accelerometer combo – SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD1BMS 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash – Murata 339S0228 Wi-Fi Module – Broadcom BCM5976 Touchscreen Controller – Qualcomm PM8019 power management IC – Cirrus Logic 338S1201 audio codec

http://www.zdnet.com/whats-inside-the-iphone-6-plus-7000033873/