Organic micropollutants in the water cycle of a Euro-Mediterranean - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Organic micropollutants in the water cycle of a Euro-Mediterranean resort: occurrence and perspectives of decentralised water reuse

• G. Buttiglieri, G. Ferrero, Y. Ekowati, M. Petrovic, C. Perez,
• I. Rodriguez-Roda

Athens, 14-16 September 2016

Funded under the Water and Innovation Action of the 7th Framework programme of RTD-D of the European Union

LAYOUT

• Tourism and water
• Case study
• demEAUmed project
• Hotel and sampling campaigns
• Results on the water cycle
• Quantification of fluxes
• Characterization
• Micropollutants
• Conclusions

• Fresh water availability is not homogeneously distributed

between countries and within countries and water scarcity may exist at the regional and local scale and/or temporarily.

• Several areas of the world (e.g. Euro-Mediterranean area) are:
• WATER SCARCITY & TOURISM DESTINATION

Tourism and w ater

• Tourism is central part of Euro-Mediterranean economies

(e.g. Spain – 11%)

• Tourism water consumption is typically below 5 % of domestic

water use, but can be as high as 40 % (e.g. islands like Mauritius).

• Touristic facilities can have a strong impact on water quality

CASE STUDY

Case study: dem EAUm ed project demEAUmed: demonstrating integrated innovative technologies for an

• ptimal and safe closed water cycle in Mediterranean

tourist facilities

• Integration of innovative technologies for an optimal and safe

closed water cycle in Mediterranean tourist facilities The objectives of the project are to demonstrate and promote:

• The possibility of reduction of

water consumption

• Water cycle monitoring, control,

Decision Support Tools, modelling, LCA, etc. for water management evaluation

Case study: dem EAUm ed project

dem EAUm ed strategy

DEMONSTRATI ON SI TE and SAMPLI NG CAMPAI GNS

The Costa Brava (NE, Spain) is an important Spanish and European holiday destination (recommended destination 2012, National Geographic Traveler). Lloret de Mar, is the largest resort on the Costa Brava, (40,000 inhabitants, up to 200,000 in summer) Samba Hotel is a large resort (441 rooms), green areas and exterior pools, conference room, bar and restaurant.

• Certified by EMAS and ISO14001
• Water use from 25,000 to 34,000

m3/year (100 to 135 L/person/day)

• Grey water system for water closets

Case study site

Hotel – w ater cycle diagnose in term s of quantity: w ater m eters

Hotel – w ater cycle diagnose

S S S S S S S S S S

in term s of quality: sam pling

Micropollutants analyses

Acetaminophen Atenolol Atorvastatin Carbamazepine Diclofenac Codeine Furosemide Erythromicin Gemfibrozil Dilitiazem Hydrochlorothiazide Dimetridazole Ibuprofen Famotidine Ketoprofen Iopromide Naproxen Levamisol Salycilic acid Loratadine Valsartan Metronidazole Ethinylestradiol Ofloxacin Triclosan Olanzapine Methylparaben Phenazone Ethylparaben Salbutamol Nonylphenol Sotalol Bisphenol A Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim PhACs Verapamil Caffeine EDCs 1H-Benzotriazole tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate

UPLC coupled to 5500 QqLit, triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometer (5500 QTRAP) with Turbo V ion spray source.

W hy m icropollutants in tourist facilities?

• They have been considered as probable source of

micropollutants in seawater especially during the high season

• Peaks in micropollutants wastewater contamination have been

related to touristic events.

However ...

.. situations are difficult to analyze because hard data are missing, expensive and/or difficult to obtain

W hy m icropollutants in tourist facilities? Expected matrix and concentrations are similar to domestic grey- and waste-waters but..

• To estimate load of micropollutants and consequently

the contributions of tourism to total contamination

• To evaluate seasonal variations
• To evaluate if and what kind of technologies for

decentralized treatments in water scarcity scenarios:

• Water reuse can decrease water consumption and result in a

closed water cycle but possible recalcitrant (micro)pollutants accumulation needs to be carefully addressed

RESULTS

SAMPLI NG CAMPAI GNS W ATER QUANTI TY

Yearly total w ater use 2 0 1 2 -2 0 1 3

• High variability in the inlet flows (seasonally, cold water)
• Up to 250% more in summer

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

m3

TOTAL WATER USE (2012) Cold water Hot water TOTAL

Similar trend in 2013 and 2014

• Hourly variation:
• Some of the fluxes change significantly during the day
• Almost no control at all on quantity (exception of grey water)

Daily w ater m eters sam pling cam paign high season

• Total inflow in high touristic season: 384 m3 (3 days)
• Total inflow in low touristic season: 200 m3 (3 days)

W ater use sam pling cam paign high touristic season

Much low er w ater flow in Novem ber

• Total water inflow (1+ 2+ 3+ 4):
• 384 m 3 in June (3 days)
• 200 m 3 in November (3 days)
• Shower:
• 132 m 3 in June (3 days)
• 33m 3 in November (3 days)

Water meter DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 nº 1+2+3+4 Total tap water 161,2 131,2 92 168,8 129,8 130,1 nº (14-15) Room shower 53,3 42 33 55,8 41,5 46,7 nº 5 WC 39,4 56,9 54,4 41,3 56,3 76,9 nº 12 hot water 4,3 4,1 3,9 4,5 4,1 5,5 nº 8 swimming pool 26,9 9,4 6,7 28,2 9,3 9,5 nº 9 laundry cold 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,5 0,7 1,0 nº 10 laundry hot 2 2 2 2,1 2,0 2,8 nº 11 kitchen hot 0,7 0,9 0,9 0,7 0,9 1,3 nº 13 groundfloor + laundry 10 11 11 10,5 10,9 15,6 nº 14 Room + kitchen 61,3 49 38 64,2 48,5 53,7 nº 15 kitchen cold 8 7 5 8,4 6,9 7,1 nº 16 garden swiming pool 2 2,0 nº 17 garden bar 13 17 13,6 16,8 nº 18 back garden 3 2 2 3,1 2,0 2,8 (m3) (L/persona)

)

W ater use sam pling cam paign high touristic season

• Shower water is the main water use during high season sampling

campaign

• Other fluxes (tap water for toilet flushing) can be present in other

periods

RESULTS

SAMPLI NG CAMPAI GNS W ATER QUALI TY

GREYW ATER

S S

GREYW ATER

• Wide range of micropollutants detected
• Wide range of concentration measured up to more than 150

µg/L with the highest concentration for ibuprofen, acetaminophen, ethylparaben, caffeine and methylparaben

TCPP: tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate - TBEP: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (flame retardants)

Extreme high variability! GREYW ATER - EDCs

TCPP: tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate - TBEP: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (flame retardants)

Large SEASONAL variability! GREYW ATER - EDCs

Large SEASONAL variability! GREYW ATER - PhACs

W ASTEW ATER

S

W ASTEW ATER

Large seasonal variability

Presence of several PhACs and EDCs up to 282 µg/ L

CONCLUSI ONS

• Assessment of water quantity and quality in the entire water cycle
• f a large resort performed during high and low season.
• Water consumption per use was quantified with an important

seasonal variation:

• reduction of 48% in total tap water use during low season
• A broad overview of micropollutants presence in the whole water

cycle, by use and by season, was performed:

• High concentration in greywater and wastewater with high

hourly, daily and seasonal variation.

F

• r

fur the r infor mation:

g buttig lie ri@ic ra .c a t www.de me a ume d.e u www.ic ra .c a t T his pro je c t has re c e ive d funding fro m the E uro pe an Unio n’ s Se ve nth Pro g ramme fo r re se arc h, te c hno lo g ic al de ve lo pme nt and de mo nstratio n unde r g rant ag re e me nt No . 619116 Partly suppo rte d b y the Ge ne ralitat de Catalunya (Co nso lidate d Re se arc h Gro up: Wate r and So il Quality Unit 2009-SGR-965).

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Acknow ledgm ents