Orbitally-modulated electromagnetic counterparts to neutron-star mergers Tito Dal Canton Jeremy Schnittman, Dave Tsang and Jordan Camp NASA GSFC, UMD July 4, 2017 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 1 / 25
Classical high-energy counterpart to NS mergers NS disruption ↓ Accretion disk ↓ Jet - Prompt emission ↓ Shock - Afterglow Emission at or after the merger ↓ NS already gone Metzger and Berger 2011 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 2 / 25
NS crust shattering model (Tsang et al 2012) Periodic tidal stress during close inspiral ↓ Resonance transfers orbital energy to NS crust-core mode ↓ Mode energy builds up until the crust shatters ↓ � B lines are violently shaken ↓ γ -ray emission before merger (direct or via a pair-photon fireball) Energy release: [ ∼ 0 . 01 , ∼ 1] × E SGRB Light curve? Spectrum? Time scale? . . . Negligible effect on GW phase Resonance frequency depends strongly on NS EoS Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 3 / 25
“BH battery” model (D’Orazio et al 2016) Highly-magnetized NS inspirals into ∼ 10 M ⊙ BH ↓ BH “short-circuits” � B lines ↓ Charge acceleration along � B ↓ Emission of curvature radiation ↓ γ + � B → Pair-photon fireball Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 4 / 25
Common features of precursor flares Precede the merger by ∼ 0 . 1 s to ∼ 100 s ◮ Complicates the EM-GW association ◮ NS still intact and inspiraling Not beamed Emission may be close to the NS surface Challenges Pair-photon fireball Modeling of time scales, light curve, spectra How do we detect and recognize such flares as CBC counterparts? How do the companion and/or orbital motion affect the signal? Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 5 / 25
Flare modulation from orbital motion Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 6 / 25
Full raytracing simulation Launch and track photons in an analytical two-puncture spacetime m 1 = 10 M ⊙ , m 2 = 1 . 4 M ⊙ , ι = 90 deg Simulation by J Schnittman and B Kelly - arXiv:1704.07886 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 7 / 25
Full raytracing simulation Launch and track photons in an analytical two-puncture spacetime m 1 = 10 M ⊙ , m 2 = 1 . 4 M ⊙ , ι = 90 deg Simulation by J Schnittman and B Kelly - arXiv:1704.07886 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 8 / 25
Full raytracing simulation Launch and track photons in an analytical two-puncture spacetime m 1 = 10 M ⊙ , m 2 = 1 . 4 M ⊙ , ι = 90 deg Simulation by J Schnittman and B Kelly - arXiv:1704.07886 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 9 / 25
Full raytracing simulation Launch and track photons in an analytical two-puncture spacetime m 1 = 10 M ⊙ , m 2 = 1 . 4 M ⊙ , ι = 90 deg Simulation by J Schnittman and B Kelly - arXiv:1704.07886 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 10 / 25
Analytical model 1) Newtonian inspiral → Orbital position and velocity over time 2) Flux magnification due to relativistic beaming F beam 3) Flux magnification due to gravitational lensing F lens 4) Observed flux: lensing time scale is smaller, so let’s just multiply I obs = F beam F lens I emi 5) Emitted flux ← Big assumptions! Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 11 / 25
Analytical model Relativistic beaming: NS → point source in circular motion Emitted spectrum → power law S ( ν ) ∼ ν α Time dilation, aberration, redshift → Doppler factor � − 1 � 3 − α �� � 1 / 2 � 1 − v 2 1 − � v · � n F beam = c 2 c � n : unit vector to observer, � v : NS velocity Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 12 / 25
Analytical model Gravitational lensing: BH → point lens NS → point source Compute standard microlensing magnification � d u 2 + 2 � 1 / 2 u = 1 sin ϕ F lens = u ( u 2 + 4) 1 / 2 , 2 r 1 (cos ϕ ) 1 / 2 d : orbital separation, r 1 : BH gravitational radius, ϕ : � � d ∠ � n Perfect alignment → Singularity! → Assume Einstein ring is the upper limit Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 13 / 25
Analytical model NSBH system with m 1 = 10 M ⊙ , m 2 = 1 . 4 M ⊙ m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =80 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =80 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 5 5 Lensing Lensing Beaming Beaming Total Total 4 4 Flux magnification Flux magnification 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Time before merger [s] Time before merger [s] “Electromagnetic chirp” Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 14 / 25
Analytical model: varying the inclination Face-on 45 deg Edge-on m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =0 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =45 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =90 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 5 5 5 Lensing Lensing Lensing Beaming Beaming Beaming Total Total Total 4 4 4 Flux magnification Flux magnification Flux magnification 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 Time before merger [s] Time before merger [s] Time before merger [s] No modulation Beaming dominates Max lensing Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 15 / 25
Analytical model: varying the spectral index S ( ν ) ∼ ν α α > 3 α = 3 α < 3 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =80 . 0 ◦ α =6 . 0 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =80 . 0 ◦ α =3 . 0 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =80 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 5 5 5 Lensing Lensing Lensing Beaming Beaming Beaming Total Total Total 4 4 4 Flux magnification Flux magnification Flux magnification 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 3.00 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.80 Time before merger [s] Time before merger [s] Time before merger [s] Beaming leads No beaming Beaming follows Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 16 / 25
Analytical model: adding the flare Flare parameters from Tsang et al 2012 m 1 =10 . 0 M ⊙ m 2 =1 . 4 M ⊙ ι =80 . 0 ◦ α =0 . 0 f res =100 . 0 3.0 Emitted 2.5 Observed 2.0 Flux [a.u.] 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 16 14 12 Photon count 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Time before merger [s] Need detector with ∼ 1 ms timing! Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 17 / 25
Analyzing simulated photon data Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 18 / 25
Analyzing simulated photon data Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 19 / 25
Analyzing simulated photon data Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 20 / 25
Suitable γ -ray telescope: Fermi/GBM Timing sufficient to resolve the modulation (2 µ s) Wide FOV - 70% of the sky Sky localization to several degrees for best cases Complicated background from many sources Already being used for GW followup Meegan et al 2009 Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 21 / 25
Targeted Fermi/GBM followup (Blackburn et al 2015) See talk by Adam Goldstein Following up GW triggers since 2015 Detects γ bursts regardless of time structure Not designed for ∼ ms time resolution Significance of GW- γ association decreases with | ∆ t | Want to further target orbitally-modulated precursors Use light curve model to increase sensitivity Reject transients with incompatible light curves Infer parameters of flare Big assumptions needed Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 22 / 25
Extending the Fermi/GBM followup: idea Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 23 / 25
Extending the Fermi/GBM followup: challenges Computational cost Large parameter space ( ∼ 10) Calculation of CBC GW waveform required ∼ 10 4 photons/s, each requiring several operations per waveform Expected cost comparable to LIGO CBC parameter estimation Model Flare spectrum Flare light curve in the NS frame GBM response More complicated inspiral dynamics, spins etc Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 24 / 25
Summary Precursor counterparts to GW events could have a chirpy modulation Unambiguous association to GW signal Reduce degeneracies NS structure Constrain ∆ φ or ∆ t Implementing Fermi/GBM followup of GW events Deep search for weak flares Characterization of strong (triggered) flares Applicable to other light curve models (e.g. prompt emission) Plan to follow up LIGO CBC triggers compatible with NSs Thank you! Dal Canton et al (GSFC / UMD) Orbitally-modulated EM counterparts July 4, 2017 25 / 25
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