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one structural behavior, systems, and design - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN A RCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS S UMMER 2018 lecture one structural behavior, systems, and design www.greatbuildings.com Introduction 1 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Introduction 1 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN ARCH 331

  • DR. ANNE NICHOLS

SUMMER 2018

  • ne

structural behavior, systems, and design

lecture

www.greatbuildings.com

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Su2018abn Introduction 2 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Syllabus & Student Understandings

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Su2018abn Introduction 3 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Course Description

  • statics

– physics of forces and reactions on bodies and systems – equilibrium (bodies at rest)

  • structures

– something made up of interdependent parts in a definite pattern of organization

  • design

– assessing and meeting structural requirements of parts and the whole

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SLIDE 4

Su2018abn Introduction 4 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Course Description

  • mechanics of materials

– external loads and effect on deformable bodies – use it to answer question if structure meets requirements of

  • stability and equilibrium
  • strength and stiffness

– other principle building requirements

  • economy, functionality and aesthetics
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Su2018abn Introduction 5 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structure Requirements

  • stability &

equilibrium

– STATICS

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Su2018abn Introduction 6 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structure Requirements (cont)

  • strength &

stiffness

– concerned with stability of components

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Su2018abn Introduction 7 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural System Selection

  • kind & size of loads
  • building function
  • soil & topology of site
  • systems integration
  • fire rating
  • construction ($$, schedule)
  • architectural form
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SLIDE 8

Su2018abn Introduction 8 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Knowledge Required

  • external forces
  • internal forces
  • material properties
  • member cross

sections

  • ability of a material to resist breaking
  • structural elements that resist excessive

– deflection – deformation

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SLIDE 9

Su2018abn Introduction 9 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Problem Solving

  • 1. STATICS:

equilibrium of external forces, internal forces, stresses

  • 2. GEOMETRY:

cross section properties, deformations and conditions of geometric fit, strains

  • 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES:

stress-strain relationship for each material

  • btained from testing
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SLIDE 10

Su2018abn Introduction 10 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Relation to Architecture

“The geometry and arrangement of the load-bearing members, the use of materials, and the crafting of joints all represent opportunities for buildings to express themselves. The best buildings are not designed by architects who after resolving the formal and spatial issues, simply ask the structural engineer to make sure it doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane

Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction

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SLIDE 11

Su2018abn Introduction 11 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • evolution traced to developments in

structural engineering and material technology

– stone & masonry – timber – concrete – cast iron, steel – tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......

Architectural Space and Form

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Su2018abn Introduction 12 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • structure is a device for channeling

loads that result from the use and/or presence of the building to the ground

– span a roof – hold up a floor – cross a river – suspend a canopy

Architectural Space and Form

www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/

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Su2018abn Introduction 13 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Action

  • axial tension
  • axial compression
  • bending
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Su2018abn Introduction 14 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Action

  • member breadth & depth
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Su2018abn Introduction 15 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Action

  • stabilization
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Su2018abn Introduction 16 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Action

  • shear & bracing
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Su2018abn Introduction 17 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Action

  • lateral resistance
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Su2018abn Introduction 18 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Action

  • twisting
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Su2018abn Introduction 19 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Design

  • planning
  • preliminary structural

configuration

  • determination of loads
  • preliminary member

selection

  • analysis
  • evaluation
  • design revision
  • final design
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Su2018abn Introduction 20 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • STATIC and DYNAMIC
  • dead load

– static, fixed, includes building weight, fixed equipment

  • live load

– transient and moving loads (including

  • ccupants), snowfall

Structural Loads

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Su2018abn Introduction 21 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • wind loads

– dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral static loads on walls, up or down loads on roofs

Structural Loads

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Su2018abn Introduction 22 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • earthquake loads

– seismic, movement of ground

Structural Loads

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Su2018abn Introduction 23 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • impact loads

– rapid, energy loads

Structural Loads

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Su2018abn Introduction 24 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Loads

  • gravity acts on mass (F=m*g)
  • force of mass

– acts at a point

  • ie. joist on beam

– acts along a “line”

  • ie. floor on a beam

– acts over an area

  • ie. people, books,

snow on roof or floor

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SLIDE 25

Su2018abn Introduction 25 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Math

  • quantify environmental loads

– how big is it?

  • evaluate geometry and angles

– where is it? – what is the scale? – what is the size in a particular direction?

  • quantify what happens in the structure

– how big are the internal forces? – how big should the beam be?

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SLIDE 26

Su2018abn Introduction 26 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Math

  • physics takes observable phenomena

and relates the measurement with rules: mathematical relationships

  • need

– reference frame – measure of length, mass, time, direction, velocity, acceleration, work, heat, electricity, light – calculations & geometry

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SLIDE 27

Su2018abn

Structural Organization

  • classifications

– geometry

  • line-forming
  • surface-forming

– stiffness

  • rigid
  • flexible

– one-way or two-way

  • spatial organization and load transfer

– materials

Architectural Structures ARCH 331 Introduction 27 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Components

  • bearing walls
  • columns
  • beams
  • flat plates
  • trusses
  • arches
  • shells
  • cables

Introduction 28 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Bearing Walls

Introduction 29 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Bearing Walls

  • behavior as “deep beams”

Introduction 30 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Columns & Walls

Introduction 31 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Beams & Plates

Introduction 32 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Beams & Plates

Introduction 33 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Trusses and Shells

Introduction 34 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Arches and Cables

Introduction 35 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Building Framing

  • Components or Assemblages

Introduction 36 Lecture 1

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SLIDE 37

Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Building Framing

Introduction 37 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

System Selection

  • evaluation of alternatives

Introduction 38 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

System Selection

Introduction 39 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Design Criteria

  • components stay together
  • structure acts as whole to be stable

– resist sliding – resist overturning – resist twisting and distortion

  • internal stability

– interconnectedness

  • strength & stiffness

Introduction 40 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Structural Design Sequences

  • first-order design

– structural type and organization – design intent – contextual or programmatic

  • second-order

– structural strategies – material choice – structural systems

  • third-order

– member shaping & sizing

Introduction 41 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Systems by Materials

  • Wood
  • Steel
  • Concrete
  • Masonry
  • Composite

Introduction 42 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Introduction 43 Lecture 1 Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Wood

  • columns
  • beams
  • trusses
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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

  • all-wood framing systems

– studs, beams, floor diaphragms, shearwalls – glulam arches & frames – post & beams – trusses

  • composite construction

– masonry shear walls – concrete – steel

Timber Construction

Introduction 44 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Timber Construction

  • studs, beams
  • floor diaphragms & shear walls

Introduction 45 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Timber Construction

  • glulam arches & frames

– manufactured or custom shapes – glue laminated – bigger members

Introduction 46 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Timber Construction

  • post & beam
  • trusses

Introduction 47 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Timber Construction

  • composite construction

Introduction 48 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Steel

  • cast iron – wrought iron - steel
  • cables
  • columns
  • beams
  • trusses
  • frames

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Introduction 49 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Steel Construction

  • standard rolled shapes
  • open web joists
  • plate girders
  • decking

Introduction 50 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Steel Construction

  • welding
  • bolts

Introduction 51 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Steel Construction

  • fire proofing

– cementicious spray – encasement in gypsum – intumescent – expands with heat – sprinkler system

Introduction 52 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Concrete

  • columns
  • beams
  • slabs
  • domes
  • footings

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Introduction 53 Lecture 1

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SLIDE 54

Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Concrete Construction

  • cast-in-place
  • tilt-up
  • prestressing
  • post-tensioning

http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden Introduction 54 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Concrete Floor Systems

  • types & spanning direction

Introduction 55 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Concrete Floor Systems

Introduction 56 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Masonry (& Stone)

  • columns
  • walls
  • lintels
  • beams
  • arches
  • footings

Introduction 57 Lecture 1

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SLIDE 58

Su2018abn

Grids and Patterns

  • often adopted early in design

– give order – cellular, ex.

  • vertical and horizontal
  • square and rectangular

– single-cell – aggregated bays

Architectural Structures ARCH 331 Introduction 58 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Grids and Patterns

Introduction 59 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Systems

  • total of components
  • behavior of whole
  • classifications

– one-way – two-way – tubes – braced – unbraced

Introduction 60 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

One-Way Systems

  • horizontal vs. vertical

Introduction 61 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Two-Way Systems

  • spanning system less obvious
  • horizontal

– plates – slabs – space frames

  • vertical

– columns – walls

Introduction 62 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Two-Way Systems

Introduction 63 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Roof Shapes

  • coincide
  • within

Introduction 64 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Tubes & Cores

  • stiffness

Introduction 65 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Span Lengths

  • crucial in selection
  • f system
  • maximum spans
  • n charts aren’t

absolute limits, but usual maximums

  • increase L, increase depth2 required

(ex. cantilever)

  • deflections depend on L

Introduction 66 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Approximate Depths

Introduction 67 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Loading Type and Structure Type

  • light uniform loads

– surface forming elements – those that pick up first load dictate spacing

  • f other elements
  • heavy concentrated loads

– member design unique

  • distributed vs. concentrated structural

strategies

– large beam vs. many smaller ones

Introduction 68 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • lateral stability – all directions

Introduction 69 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • configuration

Introduction 70 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • vertical load resistance

walls columns

Introduction 71 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • lateral load resistance

Introduction 72 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • lateral load resistance

Introduction 73 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • multi-story

– cores, tubes, braced frames

Introduction 74 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Design Issues

  • multi-story

– avoid discontinuities

  • vertically
  • horizontally

Introduction 75 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Foundation Influence

  • type may dictate fit

– piles vs. mats vs. spread – capacity of soil to sustain loads

  • high capacity – smaller area
  • f bearing needing and can

spread out

  • low capacity – multiple

contacts and big distribution areas

Introduction 76 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Grid Dependency on Floor Height

  • wide grid = deep beams

– increased building height – heavier – foundation design

  • codes and zoning

may limit

  • utilize depth for

mechanical

Introduction 77 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Large Spaces

  • ex. auditoriums, gyms, ballrooms
  • choices

– separate two systems completely and connect along edges – embed in finer grid – staggered truss

Introduction 78 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Meeting of Grids

  • common to use more than one grid
  • intersection important structurally
  • can use different structural materials

– need to understand their properties

  • mechanical
  • thermal

Introduction 79 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Meeting of Grids

  • horizontal choices

Introduction 80 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Meeting of Grids

  • vertical choices

Introduction 81 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Other Conditions

  • circulation
  • building service systems

– one-way systems have space for parallel runs – trusses allow for transverse penetration – pass beneath or interstitial floors

  • for complex or extensive

services or flexibility

Introduction 82 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Other Conditions

  • poking holes for member services

– horizontal

  • need to consider area

removed, where removed, and importance to shear

  • r bending

– vertical

  • requires framing at edges
  • can cluster openings to

eliminate a bay

– double systems

Introduction 83 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Fire Safety & Structures

  • fire safety requirements can impact

structural selection

  • construction types

– light

  • residential
  • wood-frame or unprotected metal

– medium

  • masonry

– heavy

  • protected steel or reinforced concrete

Introduction 84 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Fire Safety & Structures

  • degree of occupancy hazards
  • building heights
  • maximum floor areas between fire wall

divisions

– can impact load bearing wall location

Introduction 85 Lecture 1

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Su2018abn Architectural Structures ARCH 331

Fire Safety & Structures

  • resistance ratings by failure type

– transmission failure

  • fire or gasses move

– structural failure

  • high temperatures reduce strength

– failure when subjected to water spray

  • necessary strength
  • ratings do not pertain to usefulness of

structure after a fire

Introduction 86 Lecture 1

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SLIDE 87

Su2018abn

Project

Architectural Structures ARCH 331 Introduction 87 Lecture 1