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one of the strongest economical regions in europe 2 uni

Jan 13, 2023 13 likes •327 views

One of the strongest economical regions in Europe 2 www.uni-stuttgart.de 01-10 Empirical and Behavioural Software Engineering R e q u i r e m e n t s E n g i n e e r i n g Q u a l i t y E n g i n e e r i n

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One of the strongest economical regions in Europe

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SLIDE 3 www.uni-stuttgart.de 01-10

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Tools R e q u i r e m e n t s E n g i n e e r i n g S a f e t y & S e c u r i t y E n g i n e e r i n g Q u a l i t y E n g i n e e r i n g Software Engineering C

t i n u

s , A g i l e & L e a n E n g i n e e r i n g Empirical and Behavioural Software Engineering

SLIDE 5 Rethinking Productivity in Software Engineering Dagstuhl, 2017-03-06/07 Stefan Wagner

What’s Productivity? Terminology and Influencing Factors

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You can copy, share and change, film and photograph, blog, live-blog and tweet this presentation given that you attribute it to its author and respect the rights and licenses of its parts.

based on slides by @SMEasterbrook und @ethanwhite

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The Chimera of Software Productivity

Efficiency Effectiveness Productivity Performance Profitability Quantity Functionality Quality LOC, FP, … Intangibility of Software Product Lines Reuse Automation Tools Model-Driven Implementation Test Maintenance Team Workplace Improvement, Measurement, Comparison

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A Timeline of Productivity Research in Software Engineering

1968 First experimental studies 1975 1987 1979 Albrecht’s Function Points 1981 1986 Jones’ Programming Productivity 2005 2000 2000s Story Points 2010s

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What is Productivity?

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Open Issues – Quantity, Quality and Value

Productivity of knowledge work […] has to aim first at obtaining quality […]. Only then can one ask: „What is the volume, the quantity of work?” Peter F. Drucker Quality is a complex and multifaceted concept. It is also the source of great confusion… David A. Garvin […] the value of the software […] cannot be measured by the cost of building it, but by how well it meets the needs of the user. And […] I have never, even one time, seen exactly the same business problem. Jon “Maddog” Hall

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Productivity

Difficult for knowledge work
Could consider

– Quality – Timeliness – Project success – Customer satisfaction – Innovation

No broadly applicable and

accepted means for productivity measurement

Productivity = Output Input Units of products Units of material Person- hours Size

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Profitability

Profitability = Revenue Cost

Price inflation Cost inflation

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Performance

Vision and Strategy

Internal Business Processes Financial Customer Learning and Growth To satisfy our shareholders, what business processes must we excel at?

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The PE Model

Purpose Quality Functionality Effort Effectiveness Efficiency Productivity Profitability Performance

Inflation, pricing Customer perception

[based on Tangen, 2005]

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What general factors influences productivity?

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Technical Factors

Doc. Match to Life-Cycle N.

Use of Modern Dev. Pract. Programming Language Use of Software Tools Hardware Concurrent Dev. Project Duration Effective and Efficient V&V Completemenss of Design Early Prototyping Platform Volatility Process Maturity Architecture Risk Resolution Reuse Development Flexibility User Interface Product Quality Software Size Main Storage Constraint Execution Time Constraints Developed for Reusability Product Complexity Database Size Required Software Reliability Precedentedness # of publications 2 3 2 6 3 7 3 4 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 7 3 7 2

Dev. Env.

Process Product Wagner, S. and Ruhe, M. (2008) A Systematic Review of Productivity Factors in Software Development. In Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Software Productivity Analysis and Cost Estimation (SPACE 2008).

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Soft Factors

Avg. Team Size
Req. Stability

Schedule

Telecom. Facilities

Physical Separation Time Fragmentation E-Factor Proper Workplace Manager App. Experience Manager Capability

Lang. and Tool Experience

Platform Experience Applications Experience Progammer Capability Analyst Capability Developer Temperaments Support for Innovation Communication Team Cohesion Turnover Clear Goals Sense of Eliteness Team Identity Camaraderie Fairness Respect Credibility # of publications 4 6 5 1 2 3 3 7 9 4 1 1 8 10 7 7 8 7 2 3 2 1 4 2 5 6 10 Project

Cap. & Exp.

Team Culture Environment

Corp. Culture

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Do personality and programming styles influence productivity?

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Developers differ in their performance, decision making and working habits.

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The Big Five Personality Test5

Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences Disorganised Conscientious Introverted Extraverted Disagreeable Agreeable Calm/Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung

Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional Stability

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Cox and Fisher’s Theory

Task Situation Individual

internal external

Influence Programming Styles like personality like experience Programming Context’s Factors

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Top-down & depth-first Top-down & breadth-first

Bottom-up & depth-first Bottom-up & breadth-first

Programming Styles

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Study Design

Age Gender Programming Experience Attitude towards Programming Personality Factors Human Factors Programming Styles

? ?

Programming Performance Programmer Quality (self-assessed) Project and Code Quality (Grade) Code Quality (Static Analysis Warnings)

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Significant Correlations (All Positive)

Programming Performance Number of Programming Languages (Experience) Age Academic Achievement Depth-First Programming Style Conscientiousness (Personality) Years at University (Experience) Large Revisions (Programming Style)

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Limitations

Self-developed questionnaire to
perationalise some styles
Self-assessed survey
Mainly students in second year of studies
Volunteer bias
Correlations do not need to be cause/effect

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There is a significant relation between personalities of programmers and their programming styles.

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So how do we measure and improve it?

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The ProdFLOWTM Approach

Ruhe, M. and Wagner, S. (2008) Using the ProdFLOW™ Approach to Address the Myth of Productivity in R&D Organizations In Proc. 2nd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM '08). ACM.

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„

The most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st century is […] to increase the productivity of knowledge work and the knowledge worker.

Peter F. Drucker

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Prof. Dr. Stefan Wagner

e-mail stefan.wagner@informatik.uni-stuttgart.de phone +49 (0) 711 685-88455 WWW www.iste.uni-stuttgart.de/se Twitter prof_wagnerst ORCID 0000-0002-5256-8429 arXiv http://arxiv.org/a/wagner_s_1 Institute of Software Technology Slides are available at www.stefan-wagner.biz. Joint work with Manfred Broy, Florian Deissenboeck, Melanie Ruhe, Zahra Karimi, Ahmad Baraani-Dastjerdi, Nasser Ghasem-Aghaee

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Pictures Used in this Slide Deck

Programmer writing code with Unit Tests by Joonspoon under CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Programmer_writing_code_with_Unit_Tests.jpg) Stuttgart-Schlossplatz-at-night-denoised by Curnen under CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Stuttgart-Schlossplatz-at-night-denoised.jpg) Line Art Drawing of a chimera by Pearson Scott Foresman (Public Domain) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Chimera_(PSF).jpg) Happy Programmers by Jesper Ronn-Jensen (https://flic.kr/p/oi9kA) Computer Work Hero (https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/computer-work-hero.jpg) Source code security plugin by Christiaan Colen under CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://www.flickr.com/photos/ 132889348@N07/20013034943)