[PPT] - Omnipresence of Computers Privacy in a World of Smart Objects PowerPoint Presentation

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Berliner Kolloquium Mai 2001

Friedemann Mattern

ETH Zürich E E E ET T T TH H H H

Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich

Omnipresence

f Computers

Privacy in a World of Smart Objects

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Computers - a Clear Trend

One computer (PC) for everyone Many computers for everyone One computer (mainframe) for many people

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„Yesterday's Computers Filled Rooms...“

IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (ca. 1948)

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IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (ca. 1948)

„Yesterday's Computers Filled Rooms - So Will Tomorrow 's.“

00:45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

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Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing

! Small, lightweight, cheap, mobile processors

! in almost all everyday objects („embedded computing“) ! on your body („wearable computing“) ! embedded in the environment („ambient intelligence“)

! Ubiquitous Computing

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Outline

! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy

Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich

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Smart Objects

! Embedded processors

! in everyday objects ! small ! cheap ! lightweight

! Wireless communication

! spontaneous networks

! Sensors ! Real world objects are

enriched with information processing capabilities

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! MediaCup from TeCo,

University of Karlsruhe

An Example of a Smart Object

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Smart Objects

! Can remember pertinent events

! they have a memory

! Show context-sensitive behavior

! they may have sensors

.... .... ....... .... ! Are responsive

! communicate with their environment ! networked with other smart objects hello!

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Netw orked w ith Other Smart Objects?

Cartoon by Jeff MacNelly

I ‘M SORRY, DAVE. I CAN‘T DO THAT. THE BATHROOM SCALE AND THE HALL MI RROR ARE REPORTI NG DI STURBI NG FLAB ANOMALI ES ANOTHER BEER, PLEASE, HAL. . .

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The Qualitative Grow th of the Internet

Email

Research network

Mobile Internet WWW

2001

Internet time line

people to people people to machines

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The Qualitative Grow th of the Internet

Email

Research network

Mobile Internet WWW

2001

Internet time line

people to people people to machines

Embedded Internet Services

machines to machines

! Networked embedded systems

! smart devices ! machines talking

to machines

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image source: “Die Zeit”

Ubiquitous Netw orking

! Today, the Internet

connects all computers

! Tomorrow everyday

bjects will become

smart and they will all be interconnected

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Wearable Computing?

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Wearables Today

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Wearables Tomorrow ?

! Headsets of mobile phones as jewellery?

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Experimental Wearables: LINUX Watch (IBM)

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Wearable Concept (Motorola)

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Life Recorder Concept (Motorola)

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Retina Eyeglass Display?

Eyeglass with tiny laser and mirrors projects an image directly onto the retina

image source: Microoptical Corporation

Will active contact lenses eventually provide a „holodeck illusion“ similar to the science-fiction programme Star Trek?

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Soft Fabric User Interfaces

e.g., textiles that change conductivity when stretched

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Smart Clothing

! Conductive textiles and inks

! print electrically active patterns

directly onto fabrics

! Sensors based on fabric

! e.g., monitor pulse, blood

pressure, body temperature

! Invisible collar microphones ! Kidswear

! game console on the sleeve? ! integrated GPS-driven locators ! integrated small cameras (to

keep the parents calm)

Privacy and social issues?

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Shoes as an Energy Source?

MIT prototype

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Ambient Intelligence

(EU Information Science Technologies Study)

image source: Phillips

Clothing monitors heart-rate, respiration-rate and blood pressure, detects muscle fatigue,... Video wall acts as virtual coach and communicates with other users for group workout sessions Camera inserts user into the video to highlight excercise pattern and guide workout routines ! Seamless environment

f computing

! Gesture and speech

control

! Adaptive, personalized

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Outline

! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy

Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich

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! Processing speed and storage

capacity double every 18 months

! „cheaper, smaller, faster“

! Exponential increase

! will probably go on for the

next 10 years at same rate

First Reason for Ubiquitous Computing: Moore‘s Law (1965)

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Generalized Moore‘s Law

! Most important technology parameters double

every 1 – 3 years („Generalized Moore’s Law“):

! computation cycles ! memory, magnetic disks ! bandwidth

! Consequence:

scaling down

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Tube Transistor IC1 IC2 IC3 IC4 IC5 ICn 1915 46 59 2010 2025 3D ICs Molecular, Quantum, Genetic, Biological, Optical Computing Performance (log scale)

Moore’s Wall - Limits of Grow th?

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! Important: whole eras named after materials

!

e.g., „Stone Age“

! More recently: semiconductors, fibers

! " information and communication technologies

! „Plastic“ laser

! " opto electronics, flexible displays,…

! Organic semiconductors

! " change the external appearance of computers

! ...

2nd Reason: New Materials

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! Textiles which combine

conductive fabric structures with microchip technology

Example: Soft, Flexible and Light- w eight Interfaces and Devices

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Micro Displays

! Currently about

300000 pixels on 2 cm x 2 cm, ~ 400 mW

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Example: Light Emitting Polymer

! Organic semiconductors ! Plastic displays (~ 1 mm thick) ! Applications soon (e.g.,

curved or flexible displays)

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A Flexible „PC“ Concept

image source: Toshiba

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! Electronic ink

! micro capsules, white

n one side and black
n the other

! Low energy, flexible

Smart Paper

An electronically charged pencil rotates the “pixels”

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This foldable and rollable interactive map (“you are here”) is still science fiction, unfortunately

Smart Paper: Applications

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3rd Reason: Progress in Communication Technologies

! Bandwidth of single fibers ~ 10 Gb/s

! 2002: ~ 20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex

(often at no cost for laying new cable!)

! Powerline technique

! coffee maker „auto-

matically“ connected to the Internet

! Wireless

! mobile phone: GSM, UMTS ! wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s)

! Room networks , body area networks

A bluetooth module Nostalgia

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Body Area Netw orks

! Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through

the human body

! Possible applications:

! car recognizes driver ! phone configures itself

when it is touched

! micro payment:

pay when touching the door of the bus

! toaster and TV identify user

business card exchange

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4th Reason: Better Sensors

! Miniaturized cameras, microphones,...

! pattern recognition, assisted by heuristics

speaker recognition, speech controlled devices

! Fingerprint sensor

n mobile objects

! Radio sensors

! without power

supply

! Location sensors

! e.g., based

n GPS

POSITION N 47° 23’17’’ E 008° 34’26’’

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Entering the Post-PC Era

! Progress in

! computing speed ! communication bandwidth ! material sciences ! sensor techniques ! computer science concepts ! miniaturization ! energy usage ! battery technique ! display technologies ! price ! ...

enables (once again) completely new applications

" „post-PC era“

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Outline

! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy

Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich

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Making Things Smart w ith Shadow Objects

Virtual world

(Internet, Cyberspace)

Real world

shadow objects pure virt. object (e.g. email)

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Shadow Objects as Artifact Memories

1) Aug. 3rd, 2001: …. 2) Aug. 5th, 2001, 10:34 ….. 3) Aug. 5th, 2001 10:37 ...

4) ...

Shadow objects act as memories for their real artifacts Updates triggered by events Queries from the real world return memory content

Arrived in room 564 Bayview Hotel 10:34, Sue K.

pens bag

who? where? when?

Sensors generate events

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Who? Where? When? What?

! Label = Internet-URL (pointing to the bag‘s „home page“)

! e.g., recipe „on“ food for microwave oven ! label could be an RFID (i.e „smart label“)

1 Internet WWW server HTTP get

Bought on 20 Aug 2001; last travel: to London Sep 2003; contained shirt no. 1342 and 1349; was on 17 Nov 2002 in Hotel Atlantic, room 317 ...

bject of the

real world display instrument and label reader 2 label

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The Magnifying Glass Metaphor

! An objects tells

something about itself

! e.g., by displaying a

dynamically generated homepage

! Content

! depends on

cirmumstances such as context and privileges

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RFID: „Radio Frequency Identification“

! Identify objects from distance

! small IC with RF-transponder

! Wireless energy supply

! ~ 1 m ! magnetic field (induction)

! ROM or EEPROM (writeable)

! ~ 100 Byte

! Cost ~ $ 0.1 ... $ 1

! consumable and disposable

image source: Portolano project

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! Flexible tags

! laminated with paper ! self-adhesive ! printable (e.g., barcode)

RFIDs as „Smart Labels“

image source: Portolano project

Chip (without antenna): ~ 2 mm x 2 mm x 10 µm (fits into 80

µm thick

paper!)

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RFID tag RFID „reader“

energy

antenna application

Components of an RFID System

~ 1 m 2 x 2 mm ~ 3 cm

data

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A Context Sensitive Cookbook

Groceries are wrapped and equipped with RFID tags

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A Context Sensitive Cookbook

Kitchen Scenario ! Place grocery

items on the kitchen counter

! Nearby display

shows dishes that can be prepared with available ingredients

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Outline

! Everything smart? ! 4 Reasons for Ubiquitous Computing ! A Shadow World ! Impact and Privacy

Friedemann Mattern, ETH Zurich

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The CueCat Experiment

! Bar code scanner (shape of a cat)

! LED based; attaches to the computer

via the keyboard port

! 10 million free scanners distributed in

the US by the end of year 2000

! 50 millions planned in 2001 ! estimated cost of $ 5 - $ 10 per CueCat ! someone spends at least $ 500 000 000

! Sends the Web browser directly to the

„right“ location when scanning the bar code of an ad in a magazine

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Mapping of Barcode to Web Page

barcode + CueCat serial number

User Provider

User has to register to use the software

Map barcode

to URL

Log user data
Send targeted

CueCat Revenue Model

! „Our revenue model is being the gate keeper

between codes and their destination online“

! software in the user‘s computer links to the provider ! code is encrypted by the scanner ! scanner adds its serial number ! provider keeps mapping from bar code to URL as its

property

! Business risk: “Our right to keep information collected in

ur databases may be challenged in the future.”

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Is it realistic

r a dream?

! Will we ever get a

common infrastructure for smart objects?

! scalable ! extensible ! ...

! Will it be open?

! based on common, open standards ! similar to the Internet and its protocols

! Or will we get different proprietary solutions?

! could we invent the open Internet (TCP/IP,...) today?

Open or Proprietary Infrastructure?

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Economic Impact of Ubiquitous Computing?

! Products that are fully integrated in information systems

! e.g., supply chain optimization

! New digitally enhanced products

! e.g., networked weather-sensitive umbrellas, cooperating toys,...

! New services („e-utilities“)

! e.g., management of smart devices at home, management of

personal privacy,...

! Detailed and timely knowledge of product location and life

cycles, individual and dynamic prices for goods,...

! e.g., milk bottle reduces its price with its age ! e.g., higher taxes if product is transported by plane

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Privacy in a Ubicomp World?

! Privacy is already a concern with the WWW

! what do they do with my personal data? ! are my page visits and mouse clicks analyzed?

! Much more dramatic in a ubicomp world!

! many events of very elementary actions are registered ! could be assembled to perfect profiles

Bought on 20 Aug 2001; last travel: to

London Sep 2003; contained shirt no.

1342 and 1349; was in Hotel Atlantic,

room 317 on 17 Nov 2002 ...

information fusion
data mining
search engines

! How do we address these privacy issues?

! technical solutions, laws, social processes,…? ! more questions than answers!

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Daddy, What Did „Privacy“ Mean?

! Information technology will transform our notions

f social interaction, privacy and consciousness

! By 2010,... privacy will become a meaningless

concept in Western societies (0.6 probability)

! privacy will be forever lost because technology will

allow us to make sense of the data we collect

! ...secondary analysis, which examines data over time

and correlates data from many sources Gartner Research, 2000

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Forget Privacy?

! ... waste vast amount of time and money worrying about

privacy and secrecy in world totally dominated by IT.

! ...impossible to enforce laws pertaining to the gathering

and retention of any kind of data.

! ...highly questionable if we can even produce sensible

guidelines in a world moving ten times faster than legal frameworks and government thinking. Peter Cochrane (Head of Research British Telecom Labs) Sovereign, May 1999

„You already have zero-privacy anyway, get over it“

- Scott McNealy, Sun CEO

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Ron Rivest: The Digital Revolution Reverses Defaults

! What was once hard to copy

is now trivial to duplicate

! What was once forgotten

is now stored forever

! What was once private

is now public

„We need to work to define our desired security policies, and then work to implement security mechanisms to achieve these goals; we no longer have privacy due to the ´ natural difficulty` of accessing information“

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Ubicomp Privacy = Internet Privacy?

! What can be adapted from Web privacy?

! not that much... ! see the acompanying paper

! New ideas?

! think about it! ! see the paper „Privacy by Design – Principles of Privacy-

Aware Ubiquitous Systems“ (Marc Langheinrich)

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! historically: industrialization,

electricity, trains and automobiles, electronic mass media

! implies therefore eventually

also ethical questions

! social adaptation to technical

impacts needs some time since this is an evolutionary process (willingness to learn, generational aspects,…)

General Impact of Ubicomp: Evolution vs. Revolution

Performance Time „revolutio- nary“ new application domains

! Technique and science has a major impact on

ur society and the world we live

Impact