Old English Nouns: Survival Kit P . S. Langeslag Distinct Forms of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Apr 25, 2023 103 likes •342 views

Old English Nouns: Survival Kit P . S. Langeslag Distinct Forms of a Typical Present-Day English Noun Orthographically Distinct Phonetically Distinct girl /l/ girls /lz/ girls girls Present-Day English

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Old English Nouns: Survival Kit

P . S. Langeslag

SLIDE 2

Distinct Forms of a Typical Present-Day English Noun

Orthographically Distinct

▶ girl ▶ girl’s ▶ girls ▶ girls’

Phonetically Distinct

▶ /ɡəːl/ ▶ /ɡəːlz/

SLIDE 3

Present-Day English Noun Classes

Table 1: Present-Day English plural mechanisms

Mechanism Examples

s (/z, s, ɪz/)

dogs, boots, houses

sheep, deer, caribou i-mutation feet, mice, women

en
xen
ren + “shortening”

children

SLIDE 4

Present-Day High German Noun Classes

Table 2: Plural mechanisms used for German words of longer standing

Mechanism Examples

Tage

(e)n

Namen, Sachen, Studenten i-mutation Läden

er (+ i-mutation)

Kinder, Häuser

Titel, Lehrer

Table 3: Plural mechanisms used for more recent or transparent borrowings

Mechanism Examples

Chefs

Spezifika

SLIDE 5

Old English Noun Classes

Table 4: Old English noun classes

DOE Campbell Alternate Names Genders Example NS : NP 1 1 a-stems mn stān : stānas 2 2 ō-stems f gyfu : gyfa 3 3 i-stems mfn wine : wine/-as 4 4 u-stems mf sunu : suna Weak Weak n-stems mfn nama : naman 5 minor 1 consonant stems; mf mann : menn athematic stems 6 minor 2 nouns of relationship mf brōþor : brōþor 7 minor 3 stems in -nd- m fsēond : fsīend 8 minor 4 stems in IE -es, -os n cealf : cealfsu 9 minor 5 dental stems mf hæle : hæleþ

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a-Stems

Masculine

Table 5: Stān (“stone”)

Singular Plural Nom. stān stānas Acc. stān stānas Gen. stānes stāna Dat. stāne stānum (Cf. German Stein, English stone)

Neuter

Table 6: Word (“word”; long stem)

Singular Plural Nom. word word Acc. word word Gen. wordes worda Dat. worde wordum (Cf. German Wort, English word)

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Neuter a-Stems

Long Monosyllables

Table 7: Word (“word”; long stem)

Singular Plural Nom. word word Acc. word word Gen. wordes worda Dat. worde wordum (Cf. German Wort, English word)

Short Monosyllables

Table 8: Scip (“ship”; short stem)

Singular Plural Nom. scip scipu Acc. scip scipu Gen. scipes scipa Dat. scipe scipum (Cf. German Schiff, English ship)

SLIDE 8

Stem Length: Definition

(Strongly divergent definitions in M&R and Baker; this follows M&R §26.)

Terms

▶ Stem: a word without its inflectional ending. ▶ Onset: (sequence of ) consonant(s) preceding a syllable’s vowel. ▶ Coda: (sequence of ) consonant(s) following a syllable’s vowel. ▶ Cluster: sequence of two or more consonants, or a long consonant. ▶ Monosyllable: stem containing a single syllable. ▶ Dissyllable: stem containing two syllables.

Length Rules

1. Any stem containing no long vowels and no clusters beyond the onset is short.
2. Anything else is long.
3. Diphthongs can be either short or long and are counted accordingly.
4. These rules apply to dissyllables as well as monosyllables.

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Stem Length: Definition

(Strongly divergent definitions in M&R and Baker; this follows M&R §26.)

Terms

▶ Stem: a word without its inflectional ending. ▶ Onset: (sequence of ) consonant(s) preceding a syllable’s vowel. ▶ Coda: (sequence of ) consonant(s) following a syllable’s vowel. ▶ Cluster: sequence of two or more consonants, or a long consonant. ▶ Monosyllable: stem containing a single syllable. ▶ Dissyllable: stem containing two syllables.

Length Rules

1. Any stem containing no long vowels and no clusters beyond the onset is short.
2. Anything else is long.
3. Diphthongs can be either short or long and are counted accordingly.
4. These rules apply to dissyllables as well as monosyllables.

SLIDE 10

Stem Length: Examples

Table 9: Stem length

Configuration Length Examples Monosyllable, short vowel, no coda Short se Monosyllable, short vowel, short coda Short wer, stæf, nam-, gyf- Dissyllable, short vowels, no clusters Short mycel, cyric- Monosyllable, long vowel, no coda Long hē, wē Monosyllable, short vowel, long coda Long mann, þearf, fzrst Monosyllable, long vowel, short coda Long bāt, sōþ Monosyllable, long vowel, long coda Long fsēond Dissyllable, long vowel, no clusters Long ēþel Dissyllable, short vowels, cluster Long engel, cyning Dissyllable, long vowel, cluster Long īsern

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u-Rules

1. Short neuter monosyllabic a-stems have nom./acc. pl. -u (M&R §34)
2. Short feminine monosyllabic ō-stems have nom. sg. -u (M&R §48)
3. (Short monosyllabic u-stems have nom. sg. -u) (M&R §61)

ō-Stems (Feminine)

Table 10: Gyfu (“gifu”; short stem)

Singular Plural Nom. gyfu gyfa Acc. gyfe gyfa Gen. gyfe gyfa Dat. gyfe gyfum (Cf. German Gabe)

Neuter a-Stems

Table 11: Scip (“ship”; short stem)

Singular Plural Nom. scip scipu Acc. scip scipu Gen. scipes scipa Dat. scipe scipum (Cf. German Schiff, English ship)

SLIDE 12

Neuter a-Stems

Long Monosyllables

Table 12: Word (“word”; long stem)

Singular Plural Nom. word word Acc. word word Gen. wordes worda Dat. worde wordum (Cf. German Wort, English word)

Short Monosyllables

Table 13: Scip (“ship”; short stem)

Singular Plural Nom. scip scipu Acc. scip scipu Gen. scipes scipa Dat. scipe scipum (Cf. German Schiff, English ship)

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ō-Stems (Feminine)

Long Monosyllables

Table 14: lār (“teaching”; long stem)

Singular Plural Nom. lār lāra Acc. lāre lāra Gen. lāre lāra Dat. lāre lārum (Cf. German Lehre, English lore)

Short Monosyllables

Table 15: Gyfu (“gifu”; short stem)

Singular Plural Nom. gyfu gyfa Acc. gyfe gyfa Gen. gyfe gyfa Dat. gyfe gyfum (Cf. German Gabe)

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Feminine and Masculine n-Stems (Weak Nouns)

Feminine

Table 16: Tunge (“tongue”)

Singular Plural Nom. tunge tungan Acc. tungan tungan Gen. tungan tungena Dat. tungan tungum (Cf. German Zunge, English tongue)

Masculine

Table 17: Nama (“name”)

Singular Plural Nom. nama naman Acc. naman naman Gen. naman namena Dat. naman namum (Cf. German Name, English name)

SLIDE 15

Neuter n-Stems (Weak Nouns)

Table 18: Ēage (“eye”)

Singular Plural Nom. ēage ēagan Acc. ēage ēagan Gen. ēagan ēagena Dat. ēagan ēagum (Cf. German Auge, English eye)

SLIDE 16

Combining Demonstratives and Nouns: Masculine a-Stems

Table 19: Stān (“stone”) declined with minimal context

Singular Plural Nom. se stān glēwþ þā stānas glōwaþ Acc. ymb þone stān ymb þā stānas Gen. þæs stānes hīw þāra stāna hīw Dat. tō þām stāne tō þām stānum Inst. þȳ stāne

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Combining Demonstratives and Nouns: Neuter a-Stems

Table 20: Scip (“ship,” short stem) declined with minimal context

Singular Plural Nom. þæt scip sincþ þā scipu sincaþ Acc. ymb þæt scip ymb þā scipu Gen. þæs scipes āgend þāra scipa āgend Dat. tō þām scipe tō þām scipum Inst. þȳ scipe

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Combining Demonstratives and Nouns: ō-Stems (Feminine)

Table 21: Racu (“story,” short stem) declined with minimal context

Singular Plural Nom. sēo racu is langsum þā raca syndon langsume Acc. ymb þā race ymb þā raca Gen. þǣre race secgend þāra raca secgend Dat. be þǣre race be þām racum

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Combining Demonstratives and Nouns: n-Stems (Weak Nouns)

Table 22: Boda (“messenger,” masculine) declined with minimal context

Singular Plural Nom. se boda is dēad þā bodan syndon dēade Acc. ymb þone bodan ymb þā bodan Gen. þæs bodan nama þāra bodenan naman Dat. tō þām bodan tō þām bodum

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Example Sentences: Strong Masculine a-Stem: stān

(1) Se stan is ormætlice micel. (2) Hwilc fæder wile syllan his cylde stan? (3) Stephanus wæs stanum worpod. (4) Stanes gecynd is heard. (5) Hi druncon of ðam gastlican stane, and se stan wæs Crist. (6) Hi ne forlætað on þe stan ofer stane. (7) Heora mulas þa mihton gan sona, þe ær stodon astifode on stana gelicnysse.

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Example Sentences: Weak Masculine Noun: nama

(8) Adam him eallum naman gesceop. (9) Ða sette Adam efu hire oðerne naman: Aeua. (10) On minum naman hi adræfað deoflu. (11) Hys nama wæs Symeon.

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