Sentences 1 98-348: Lecture 4 Change of plans Throwing all of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Re: Nouns, Verbs and Sentences 1

98-348: Lecture 4

Change of plans

• Throwing all of nouns, verbs and grammar at you doesn’t work
• We’ll look at some new nouns, some new verbs and some new

sentence structures every lecture

Usage of cases

• John

gave his books to Mary. Subject Possessor Object Indirect object Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative

• Oversimplification!!!

N(oun) V(erb) N(oun)

• The last noun could be…
• in the accusative

Konung-r-inn vegr draug-∅-inn. king-NOM-the slays ghost-ACC-the ‘The king slays the ghost.’

• in the nominative!

What kind of verb would be followed by a nominative object?

• in the dative!
• in the genitive!

Verb + Nominative

• bject

Verb + Genitive object

• hefna “avenge”
• Hann

hefndi dráp-s Þorgrím-s he[NOM] avenged killing-GEN Thorgrim-GEN ‘He avenged the killing of Thorgrim’

Verb + Dative object, or instrumentality

• Hann

kastar bein-um smá-m he[NOM] throws bone-DAT;PL small-DAT;PL ‘He throws small bones’

• We speak of throwing something
• In OI people are conceived as throwing with something
• Instrumentality
• Expressed by dative case on its own,
• r with preposition með ‘with’ + dative case.

English verbs that don’t take accusative objects

• English pronouns have two cases: “nominative” and “accusative”
• Nom:

I we you they he she it ...

• Acc:

me us you them him her it …

• Usually, verbs take accusative objects
• He slapped her in the face.

*He slapped she in the face.

• What about…
• (Phone call) Who’s this?

– It’s me, Michael. – *It’s I, Michael. – ?It is I, Michael…

• You do you.

I do I or I do me???

P(reposition) N(oun)

• We could say that the noun is the object of the preposition.
• In English, it’s always the accusative case:
• He turned to me and said hi.

*He turned to I and said hi.

• Not necessarily so in OI…

Preposition + Genitive object

• til “to”
• Hann

bar hann til vatn-s nökkur-s he[NOM] bore him[ACC] to water-GEN some-GEN ’He carried him to a certain lake’

Preposition + Dative object

• í “in”
• Þeir

drukku þar

• f

dag-a í skál-a they[NOM] drank there during day-ACC;PL in hall-DAT;SG ‘They drank there by day in a hall’

Preposition + Accusative object

• of “during”
• Þeir

drukku þar

• f

dag-a í skál-a they[NOM] drank there during day-ACC;PL in hall-DAT;SG ‘They drank there by day in a hall’

• í “into”
• Lát

þér þat ekki í aug-u vaxa let you[DAT] that[ACC] not into eye-ACC;PL grow

• lit. ‘do not let that grow into eyes to you’

‘Don’t make a mountain of it’

Summary

• Objects of verbs take a variety of cases
• Objects of prepositions take a variety of cases
• When you are confused why a noun is in the case it is in,

look up a verb or preposition nearby in the dictionary!

Verbs!

• What do English verbs inflect for?

English verbs inflect for…

• Person + number

I am/you are/he is busy. I think… She thinks…

• Tense (present / past) + aspect (simple / progressive / perfect)

Mark eats.Mark is eating. Mark has eaten up all the food. Mark ate. Mark was eating. Mark had eaten up all the food.

• Mood (indicative / subjunctive)

He tried to run away. If I were him, I would have given up.

• Voice (active / passive)

He took the bag. The bag was taken.

OI verbs inflect for…

• Person + number
• Tense (present / past) + aspect (imperfect / perfect)
• Mood (indicative / imperative / subjunctive)
• Voice (active / passive / middle)
• For now, we only care about person, number and tense

Strong vs. weak verbs

• Weak verbs change less than strong verbs as they inflect
• Most notably, in the past tense:
• Weak verbs add a dental, i.e. t or d

dreyma ‘dream’ → dreymda ‘dreamed’

• Strong verbs change their stem vowel

syngja ‘sing’ → söng ‘sang’, sunginn ‘sung’

• Does this remind you of how verbs work in English?

Weak verb endings (pretty simple)

Present singular: what vowel? ∅, a or i? Past: what dental? ð, d or t?

Practice: what is the person and number?

• boðar
• spyrjum
• kallaðir
• glödduð
• dugðu
• fylgdi
• vaka

Vowels in pres sg endings

How do you find out which vowel it is?

• Look it up on the dictionary
• Sometimes you’ll be lucky
• Sometimes not (most use cases are in the past tense)

Practice!

• svara “answer” has vowel a
• sœkja “seek” has vowel i
• Watch out on this one!
• berja “strike” has no vowel

Pronouns

• They stand in place of nouns
• The man over there took the purse
• He took it
• What are some examples of pronouns in English?

English pronouns

• Personal pronouns
• I, you, we, she, he, they, it, y’all, …
• Demonstrative pronouns
• this, that, these, those
• These are yours.
• Quantifier pronouns
• some, none, every, all, most, more, few, several, plenty, …
• Some were good, some were bad.
• Interrogative pronouns
• what, which, who, …

We’ll just learn: I and you!

Practice: translate!

• I call.

kalla “call”, vowel = a

• You ask.

spyrja “ask”, no vowel

• A king says…

segja “say”, vowel = i

• Wolves love knives.

elska “love”, vowel = a

• Dvergr selr mér baug.

selja “give”

• Faðir nefnar mik Sigurðr.

nefna “name”

• Dóttir berjar svein.

berja “strike”

Practice: simple strong masculine nouns

• konungr “king”
• armr “arm”
• skógr “forest”
• gen sg -s or -ar
• hirðir “herdsman”
• j-insertion!
• söngr “song”
• v-insertion!

Practice: simple strong feminine nouns

• rún “rune”

npl, apl –ar

• för “journey”

npl, apl –ar

• kerling “old woman”
• Dat sg –u
• ör “arrow”

npl, apl –ar

• v-insertion!
• jörð “earth”

npl, apl –ir

• Dat sg –u

Practice: simple strong neuter nouns

• skip “ship”
• land “land”
• kyn “kin”
• j-insertion!
• högg “blow”
• v-insertion!
• kvæði “poem”

Practice: translate more sentences!

• Speak!
• The king wants an arm and a shoulder.
• Actually you’d have to say vilja hafa “want to have”, but whatever
• I make ships at a harbor.
• í “in”, takes a dative object
• Old women are seeking for earth.
• You said you have a poem.

Practice: translate more sentences!

• Dvergar hafa örvar.
• Gestr leitar eptir þér.
• leita eptir + dat “seek for”
• Ek em í för með elgjum.
• em “am”, 1sg form of vera “be”
• í för með + dat “be in company with one”

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