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Evaluating Universal Sufficiency of a Single Logical Form for Inference in Court AI & Evidentiary Inference Workshop in conjunction with ICAIL 2011 June 10, 2011 Joseph A. Laronge Oregon Department of Justice joseph.laronge@gmail.com

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Evaluating Universal Sufficiency

  • f a Single Logical Form

for Inference in Court

Joseph A. Laronge Oregon Department of Justice joseph.laronge@gmail.com http://inferenceincourt.com

AI & Evidentiary Inference Workshop in conjunction with ICAIL 2011 June 10, 2011

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Today I am going to explore with you universal sufficiency

  • f a single mode of

inference and logical form for inference in court.

Joseph A. Laronge 2011

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It is called… Defeasible Class-Inclusion Transitivity term logic or just DCIT (pronounced dee●kit).

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DCIT is a defeasible categorical logic that is a development from term- functor logic designed by Fred Sommers and further explored by George Englebretsen.

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Sommers demonstrated that all assertions (e.g. compound statements and relationals) could be shown to be categorical in plain natural language.

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yellow color Canary

This is an example of classical categorical logic with monadic

  • terms. [nested

categorical containers]

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yellow color Canary

But, the conclusion is false since “yellow” is not essentially predicated of a canary, such as “bird.”

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…is yellow. …is a color. The canary…

By comparison, DCIT translates all premises into a categorical form and parses them into the Subject and Complex Predicate.

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The canary ...is yellow …is a color

The canary is not illuminated by a yellow light.

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DCIT LINKED PREMISES # COMPLEX SUBJECT COMPLEX PREDICATE

1

 The canary… …is yellow.

2

One that… …is yellow… ... is a color. CONCLUSION The canary… ...is a color.

ASSUMPTIONS TO LINKED PREMISES

1

The canary is not illuminated by a yellow light.

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Barack... ...is a natural born citizen of the United States.

The issue is whether “Barack” belongs to the category “is a natural born citizen of the United States.”

?

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Barack... ...is a natural born citizen of the United States.

Defendant contends that “Barack” does belong to the category “is a natural born citizen of the United States.”

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The defendant needs to connect the dots to the satisfaction of the judge in this DCIT predicate dots map.

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The defendant’s claim: “Barack is a natural born citizen of the United States.”

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Defendant’s perception

  • f probative weight

is 100%.

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This same contention

  • r claim is depicted in

a DCIT template.

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The judge does not, however, perceive any connection (e.g., acceptability) to the claim.

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Barack… …was born in Hawaii. PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT …is a natural born citizen

  • f the United States.

100 100 100

So the defendant suggests an intervening predicate to bridge the gap, thereby, creating two premises.

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Barack… …was born in Hawaii. PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT …is a natural born citizen

  • f the United States.

?

The judge perceives a connection (some acceptability) for the second nexus, but not for the first one.

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DCIT LINKED PREMISES #

COMPLEX SUBJECT COMPLEX PREDICATE

1  Barack… ??? One such who... ??? …was born in Hawaii. 2 One such who... …was born in Hawaii… ...is a natural born citizen of the United States. CONCLUSION Barack… ... is a natural born citizen of the United States. ASSUMPTIONS TO LINKED PREMISES # Not Indicated

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So the defendant suggests an intervening predicate to bridge the gap between “Barack” and “was born in Hawaii.”

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...was issued a Hawaiian Certificate of Live Birth. ...is a natural born citizen of the United States. Barack... ...was born in Hawaii.

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Barack… …was issued a Hawaiian Certificate of Live Birth.

PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT

…was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States. …is NOT a natural born citizen of the United States.

START FINISH

…might have had parents who were legal residents

  • f Hawaii who

applied under the born-out-

  • f-state

exception under Section 338-17.8. 100 100 60 60 40 40

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Barack… …was issued a Hawaiian Certificate of Live Birth.

PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT

…was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States.

START FINISH

THE PREMISE THAT “Barack was issued a Hawaiian Certificate of Live Birth” IS INCONSISTENT WITH DEFENDANT’S OTHER CLAIM. 100 100 60 60 40 60

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Barack…

PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT

…was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States. …was born in Kenya. …is NOT a natural born citizen of the United States. Barack…

START START FINISH FINISH

50 50 50 50 100

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Barack… …was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States. …had his birth announce ment published in the Honolulu Advertiser

  • n August

4, 1961. …was issued a Hawaiian Certificate

  • f Live

Birth.

PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT FINISH

100 30 80 80 60

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Barack… …was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States. …had his birth announcement published in the Honolulu Advertiser on August 4, 1961. …was issued a Hawaiian Certificate of Live Birth. PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT …might have had parents who were legal residents of Hawaii who applied under the born-out-of-state exception under Section 338-17.8. …is NOT a natural born citizen of the United States. …may NOT be a natural born citizen of the United States. …might have had the birth announcement published erroneously. START FINISH Joseph A. Laronge 2011

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PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT FINISH FINISH

START

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Barack… …. was born in Hawaii, according to witness Governor Ambercrombie. The Witness ... was in a position to know.

NECESSARY ASSUMPTION Level 2

PLAINTIFF

JUDGE

DEFENDANT

…was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States. 100 100 The Witness ... was not biased in favor of citizenship..

ANCILLARY ASSUMPTION Level 2

100

START FINISH

Level 1

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LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 2 Barack… …. was born in Hawaii, according to witness Governor Ambercrombie. …was born in Hawaii. …is a natural born citizen of the United States.

The witness ... ...was not biased in favor of citizenship. The witness ... ...was in a position to know.

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  • 1. Barack...is a natural born citizen of the United States. (MAIN CONCLUSION)

1.1 Barack...was born in Hawaii according to witness Governor Ambercrombie. (TLP) 1.1 One who was born in Hawaii according to witness Governor Ambercrombie ...was born in Hawaii. (TLP) 2.0 The witness...was in a position to know of the birth. (Assumption) 2.1 The witness...was in the hospital Waiting Room at the time of the birth according to the nurse on duty. (TLP) 2.1 One who was in the hospital Waiting Room at the time of the birth according to the nurse on duty... was in the hospital Waiting Room at the time of the birth. (TLP) 3.0 The nurse on duty...remembered the incident correctly. (Assumption) 3.1 The nurse on duty...had contemporaneous notes that matched her statement of the incident according to her co-worker. (TLP) 3.1 One who had contemporaneous notes that matched one’s statement of the incident according to her co-worker...had contemporaneous notes that matched one’s statement of the incident. (TLP) 4.0 The co-worker...had first-hand knowledge of the notes. (Assumption) 4.1 The co-worker saw the notes as they were written. (TLP) 4.1 One who saw the notes as they were written...had first- hand knowledge of the notes. (TLP) 3.1 One who had contemporaneous notes that matched one’s statement of the incident...remembered the incident correctly. 2.1 One who was in the hospital Waiting Room at the time of the birth...was in a position to know of the birth. TLP) 2.0 The witness...was not biased in favor of Barack. (Assumption) 2.1 The witness...was the campaign manager for a Republican 2012 Presidential candidate. (TLP) 2.1 One who was the campaign manager for a Republican 2012 Presidential candidate...was not biased in favor of Barack. (TLP) 2.0 The witness...was capable of perceiving the event correctly. (Assumption) 1.1 One who was born in Hawaii...is a natural born citizen of the United States. (TLP) 2.0 Hawaii...was a U.S. territory or state at the time of the birth. (Assumption) 2.1 Hawaii...became a U.S. territory in 1898. (TLP) 2.1 One such that became a U.S. territory in 1898...was a U.S. territory or state at the time of the birth. (TLP) Joseph A. Laronge 2011

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LEVEL 2 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 Barack... ...was born in Hawaii according to witness Governor Ambercrombie. ...was born in Hawaii. ...is a natural born citizen of the United States. LEVEL 1 Main Conclusion Assumption Assumption Assumption Assumption Assumption Assumption Joseph A. Laronge 2011

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge the years of collegial support in conventional tree-like argument mapping by Tim van Gelder during my association with Austhink. His passion and commitment to consider and pursue new argumentation pedagogy in a successful effort to produce substantial measurable gains in critical thinking skills has been inspirational to me for my own work in court with DCIT. I am also grateful for the years of encouragement of Peter Tillers. And while the merit of Peter Tillers’ substantial academic publications is readily acknowledged, I have also greatly benefited from his years of blogging on evidentiary inference. I also want to express my appreciation for this workshop opportunity to my fellow AI & Evidential Inference panelists: Ronald J. Allen, Rainhard Bengez, Floris Bex, Scott Brewer, James Franklin, David Hamer, Bruce Hay, D. Michael Risinger, Michael Pardo, Federico Picinali, Henry Prakken, Boaz Sangero, Giovanni Sartor, Peter Tillers, Bart Verheij, and Douglas Walton. Finally, I wish to gratefully acknowledge Sharone Lee for our years of ongoing discussions on the placement and utility of fact- based inquiry within the dimensional structures of knowledge.

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DISCLAIMER Any views and opinions expressed herein reflect only the author’s and do not necessarily reflect those of the Oregon Department of Justice or any other of the author’s affiliations.

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Thank you for this wonderful opportunity to share these ideas with you.

Joseph A. Laronge 2011