Oceanography and Ecosystems Paul Fiedler Southwest Fisheries - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Oceanography and Ecosystems Paul Fiedler Southwest Fisheries - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 18, 2024 119 likes •474 views

Eastern Tropical Pacific Oceanography and Ecosystems Paul Fiedler Southwest Fisheries Science Center Marine Mammal and Turtle Division Oceanography Background shading is mean surface temperature ranging from to 18 to 29 C (dark to light).

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Eastern Tropical Pacific Oceanography and Ecosystems

Paul Fiedler

Southwest Fisheries Science Center Marine Mammal and Turtle Division

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Oceanography

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 2

Background shading is mean surface temperature ranging from to 18 to 29 °C (dark to light).

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Ecosystems

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 3

Biogeochemical Provinces: Longhurst, A. R. 2007. Ecological Geography of the Sea, 2nd ed.

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Ecosystems

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 4

Eastern boundary currents

  • California, Peru Currents
  • Coastal upwelling
  • High primary production
  • Clupeid fisheries
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Ecosystems

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 5

Cold tongue

  • South Equatorial Current,

Southeast trade winds

  • Equatorial upwelling
  • El Niño
  • CO2 source
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Ecosystems

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 6

Warm pool

  • North Equatorial Countercurrent
  • Intertropical Convergence Zone
  • Warm, highly stratified
  • Low productivity
  • Oxygen minimum layer
  • Yellowfin tuna fishery
  • Costa Rica Dome
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Ecosystems

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 7

Coastal

  • CRCC
  • Coastal eddies
  • Gap winds
  • Coral reefs
  • Seabird, turtle nesting
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Townsend Cromwell (1958, Thermocline topography, horizontal currents and ridging in the eastern tropical Pacific. IATTC Bulletin): “…attention is drawn to the shallow thermocline off Costa Rica near 10°N, 90°W, persistent the year round… This area will be referred to as the Costa Rican Thermal Dome, …” Monthly thermocline depths < 35m 1990-2009

What is the Costa Rica Dome?

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 8

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Oxygen minimum layer

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 9

Oxygen saturation (%) at 150m depth (World Ocean Atlas 2013).

  • Affect distribution of plankton and fish
  • Oxygen minimum layers are expanding
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SWFSC Cetacean and Ecosystem Surveys

  • 10 survey years (1986-2006), August-November
  • 2166 sea days
  • 15,253 sightings
  • U. S. National Marine Fisheries Service interest:

Dolphins impacted by the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 10

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Biodiversity of SWFSC sightings in eastern tropical Pacific

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 11

Number of species in three taxa that occur in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), with the global number of species per taxon and the IUCN conservation status for ETP species. From S. L. Martin. 2014. "Ecosystem-based management for the oceanic commons:

Applying the concepts of ecosystem services, indicators, and trade-offs to make informed decisions." Ph.D. diss. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.

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Dolphins

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 12

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Whales

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 13

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Seabirds

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 14

Juan Fernandez Petrel Black Storm-petrel Masked Booby Tahiti Petrel

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Sea Turtles

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 15

  • Olive Ridley

~ 2 million are resident (nest and feed)

  • Nest only: Leatherback, Green, Hawksbill
  • Feed only: a few juvenile Loggerheads
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Summary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 16

  • Oceanography – variety of oceanic and coastal processes
  • Ecosystems – moderately productive and diverse
  • Top predators are widespread – cetaceans, seabirds, turtles

Al Jackson, Trevor Joyce, Lisa Ballance, Robert Pitman, Jeff Seminoff, Summer Martin

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Science and Management Questions

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 17

1) What are the interconnections at the eastern end of the equatorial current system? 2) Are the Papagayo (and Tehuantepec) eddies important biological hotspots that carry nutrients and organisms to the ocean interior? How does the biological community evolve? 3) How does the shallow oxygen minimum layer affect zooplankton and higher organisms living in the epipelagic or surface layer? 4) Is there any evidence of ecosystem regime shifts? 5) How does the eastern tropical Pacific support such a diverse community

  • f top predators?

6) Do the IUCN/Key Biodiversity Area criteria work for cetaceans? 7) Is the Costa Rica Dome a biodiversity hotspot, or just a center of overlap? 8) How will climate change affect oceanography and ecosystems? Compile existing data on historical spatial-temporal variability as a baseline.

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Biodiversity

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 18

Species richness for cetaceans, seabirds, micronekton larvae, and sea turtles on SWFSC surveys.

From S. L. Martin. 2014. "Ecosystem-based management for the oceanic commons: Applying the concepts of ecosystem services, indicators, and trade-offs to make informed decisions." Ph.D. dissertation. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.

.

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El Niño

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 19

The warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle of ocean-atmosphere interaction.

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Surface chlorophyll (phytoplankton biomass)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 20

Climatologies of monthly data, 1997-2010, from GlobColour Project (European Service for Ocean Colour, http://www.globcolour.info).

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Surface winds

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 21

Figure 3.3. Surface wind vectors and divergence (negative is convergence), March and September climatologies 1999-2009 (Risien and Chelton 2008, http://cioss.coas.oregonstate.edu/scow).

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Precipitation

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 22

Figure 3.4. Precipitation rate, March and September climatologies (CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation Enhanced, http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/ gridded/data.cmap.html).

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Gap winds

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 23

Figure 3.5. Wind vectors and curl (related to rotation, colors), January climatology 1999-2009 (Risien and Chelton, 2008, http://cioss.coas.oregonstate.edu/scow). Three prominent wind jets with associated anticyclonic (negative) and cyclonic (positive) wind curl are, from northwest to southeast, Tehuantepec, Papagayo, and Panama.

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Thermocline

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 24

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Sea Turtles, cont.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 25

Leatherback (a.k.a. Laúd, Baula)

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Pelagic ecosystem model

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 26

Ecopath model of the eastern Pacific pelagic ecosystem. (Olson & Watters 2003. IATTC Bulletin.22(3)).

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Ocean depth

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 27

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Tuna fishery

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 28

Average annual distributions of the purse-seine catches of yellowfin, by set type, 2008-2012. The sizes of the circles are proportional to the amounts of yellowfin caught in those 5° by 5° areas. (IATTC Fishery Status Report No. 12, 2013)

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Fisheries in the eastern tropical Pacific

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 29

Total catch (black lines) and total estimated market value (green lines) for the top 10 commercially fished species groups in the ETP across all gear types and countries. Note that there are differences in the vertical axis scales across species groups. Data source: IATTC and NMFS public data. From S. L. Martin. 2014. "Ecosystem-based management for the oceanic commons: Applying the concepts of ecosystem services, indicators, and trade-offs to make informed decisions." Ph.D. disseertation. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.

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International Agreements

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 30

  • Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program (AIDCP)

To reduce incidental dolphin mortalities in the tuna purse-seine fishery, to seek ecologically sound means of capturing large yellowfin tunas not in association with dolphins, and to ensure the long-term sustainability of the tuna stocks.

  • Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)

To study the biology of the tunas and related species, to determine the effects that fishing and natural factors have on their abundance, and to recommend conservation measures so that the stocks of fish can be maintained at levels which will afford maximum sustainable catches.

  • Inter-American Convention (IAC) for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles

To promote the protection, conservation and recovery of sea turtle populations and of the habitats on which they depend.

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NOAA Mission

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 31

1) To understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts, 2) To share that knowledge and information with others, and 3) To conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. Objectives:

  • Improved understanding of ecosystems to inform resource management decisions
  • Recovered and healthy marine and coastal species
  • Healthy habitats that sustain resilient and thriving marine resources and communities
  • Sustainable fisheries and safe seafood for healthy populations and vibrant communities

From NOAA’ s Next Generation Strategic Plan Executive Summary (www.ppi.noaa.gov/ngsp)

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NOAA Activities

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 32

Science

  • the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the ocean, atmosphere,

and related ecosystems

  • observations and monitoring
  • environmental modeling

Service

  • the communication of research, data, information, and knowledge

Stewardship

  • regulate and sustain marine fisheries and their ecosystems
  • protect endangered species
  • protect and restore habitats and ecosystems
  • conserve marine sanctuaries and other protected places

From NOAA’ s Next Generation Strategic Plan Executive Summary (www.ppi.noaa.gov/ngsp)

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NOAA Technical Support

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 33

NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center:

  • Line-transect survey methods
  • Photogrammetry and Tagging
  • Molecular genetics
  • Hormone assays, stable isotopes
  • Passive acoustics

Other Regional Science Centers:

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NOAA International Fisheries Management Priorities

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 34

1) Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing 2) Bycatch of Protected Living Marine Resources 3) Shark Conservation and Protection

February 2015 Report to Congress