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Observing Tree Mortality from Above and Below: Long term Remote Sensing and Field Observations David M Bell dmbell@fs.fed.us USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station February 27, 2018 1 Photo: Rupert Seidl Presentation Roadmap Tree

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Photo: Rupert Seidl

Observing Tree Mortality from Above and Below: Long‐term Remote Sensing and Field Observations

David M Bell dmbell@fs.fed.us USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station February 27, 2018

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Presentation Roadmap

  • Tree Mortality, Forest Change, and the Permanent

Sample Plot (PSP) Network

  • Wind River Experimental Forest: A Case Study in

Dwarf Mistletoe impacts on Western Hemlock

  • Future Opportunities Leveraging Remote Sensing

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Presentation Roadmap

  • Tree Mortality, Forest Change, and the Permanent

Sample Plot (PSP) Network

  • Wind River Experimental Forest: A Case Study in

Dwarf Mistletoe impacts on Western Hemlock

  • Future Opportunities Leveraging Remote Sensing

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Tree Mortality in Western United States

  • Increases in mortality rates in the late 20th century
  • Regional assessment of disturbance and mortality highlight trends

in forest change

Cohen et al. 2016. Forest Ecology and Management

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van Mantgem et al. 2009. Science

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Diversity of Mortality Agents

Photo: USFS

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Photo: Emmingham

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Permanent Sample Plot (PSP) network

  • 135 installations measured

every 5-6 years > 100,000 tagged trees

23 24 21 44 23

Distribution of 135 Active Permanent Plot Installations by Administrative Unit

National Forest Land Research Natural Areas Cascade Head, Wind River, Pringle Falls Exp. For. HJ Andrews Exp Forest

  • Mt. Rainier NP, Olympic

NP, Mt. St. Helens NM

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http://pnwpsp.forestry.oregonstate.edu/

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Permanent Plot Duration by Seral Stage

(at the time of plot establishment)

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Inter-generational Science

1900 2000 1950

Thornton Munger (USFS) Leo Isaac (USFS) Walter Meyer (USFS) Jerry Franklin (USFS/UW) Tom Spies (PNW) Mark Harmon (OSU)

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Presentation Roadmap

  • Tree Mortality, Forest Change, and the Permanent

Sample Plot (PSP) Network

  • Wind River Experimental Forest: A Case Study in

Dwarf Mistletoe impacts on Western Hemlock

  • Future Opportunities Leveraging Remote Sensing

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T.T. Munger RNA

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Hawksworth and Wiens 1996 Photo Ray Davis 11

Western Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe

  • A. tsugense subsp. tsugense
  • Parasitic plant
  • Infects 10.8% of western hemlock trees in western Oregon
  • Infestation spread through projectiles
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Influence on Forest Structure: Witches Brooms and Crown die-back

Heavily infected Tsuga heterophylla with A. tsugense. Un-infected Tsuga heterophylla

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100 200 300 400 100 200 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 DMR

  • T. T. Munger 12-ha plot

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Dwarf Mistletoe Infestation at Wind River Experimental Forest

S3: M46-M21 S1: M3-M1 S2: M20-M4 S5: M70-M59 S6: M82-M71 S8: M102-M95 S9: M106-M103 S7: M94-M83 S4: M58-M47 WRCCRF 12 ha plot

Thornton Taft Munger Research Natural Area Gifford Pinchot National Forest ~1 km

S1: M3-M1 Strip number and plot range

Mistletoe rating by plot

N/A DMR = 1 DMR = 0 DMR = 6 DMR = 2 DMR = 3 DMR = 4 DMR = 5

Unifested Low Infest. Severe Infest. Shaw et al. 2008. Canadian J. of Forest Research

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Spread and Intensification

100 200 300 400 100 200 300

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DMR

100 200 300 400 100 200 300

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DMR Uninfested vs. Initial/low Infestation Uninfested vs. Late/Severe Infestation

Shaw et al. 2005. Canadian J. of Forest Research

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  • Tree growth was reduced for DMR 6 in all years and for

intermediate infestations in later years

Dwarf Mistletoe Reduced Growth

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Uninfested Low Infestation Severe Infestation

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  • Reduced growth preceded increased mortality
  • Mortality rates were higher after 2004, regardless of

growth

  • What are the implications for patches of mortality?

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100 200 300 400 100 200 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 DM R

Dwarf Mistletoe and Tree Mortality

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  • Reduced growth preceded increased mortality
  • Mortality rates were higher after 2004, regardless of

growth

  • What are the implications for patches of mortality?

Dwarf Mistletoe and Tree Mortality

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100 200 300 400 100 200 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 DM R

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  • Reduced growth preceded increased mortality
  • Mortality rates were higher after 2004, regardless of

growth

  • What are the implications for patches of mortality?

Dwarf Mistletoe and Tree Mortality

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100 200 300 400 100 200 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 DM R

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Verifying results in

  • ther landscapes

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  • Do we see the same patterns in other

parts of the Cascades?

  • H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest

and LTER offers an opportunity

RS39

HJA Permanent Plots: Observed presence of witches’ brooms

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Presentation Roadmap

  • Tree Mortality, Forest Change, and the Permanent

Sample Plot (PSP) Network

  • Wind River Experimental Forest: A Case Study in

Dwarf Mistletoe impacts on Western Hemlock

  • Future Opportunities Leveraging Remote Sensing

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Key Features of Landsat Missions 5-8 (1985-present)

  • Spatial Resolution = 30 m
  • Multiple observations per year (8-day returns)
  • History of Forest Change Detection

Source: USGS

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TimeSync Observations of Change

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Landsat image chips for all years

Google Earth High res

Manual delineation of segments

Cohen et al. 2010. Remote Sensing of Environment

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  • Some forest change can be subtle.
  • Subtle changes develop over several years

Remote Sensing of Forest Change

1999 2005 2007 2016

Forest Change Example (Aerial Photos)

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  • Some forest change can be subtle.
  • Subtle changes develop over several years
  • Slow, subtle changes in forest canopies (e.g.,

declines) are now ubiquitous in the western USA.

Lowland Western USA Mountain Western USA

Cohen et al. 2016. Forest Ecology and Management

Remote Sensing of Forest Change

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Forest “decline” in western US Forests

  • Across western US forests, multiyear drought preceded

forest decline events (Bell et al. in review)

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Forest “decline” in western US Forests

  • Across western US forests, multiyear drought preceded

forest decline events (Bell et al. in review)

  • Forest declines represented in tree mortality (Cohen et al.

2016)

  • Mortality depended on tree species, density, and size (Bell

et al. in prep)

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From Trees to Landscapes with Remote Sensing

  • Linking long-term (or inventory) data with

remote sensing for scaling and mapping

  • Integrating understanding of process with
  • bservation of pattern
  • New cloud computing (e.g., Google Earth

Engine) offers technology transfer

  • pportunities

100 200 300 400 100 200 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 DM R

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Conclusions and Implications

  • For western hemlock, dwarf mistletoe is

impacting forest dynamics at several scales.

  • Dwarf mistletoe reduced growth and increased mortality

in western hemlock individuals.

  • Increased tree sensitivity to dwarf mistletoe in recent

years implies changes in stressors.

  • Shifting tree sensitivity could increase the forest area

and size of growth reduction and mortality patches.

  • Jointly, field and remote sensing data can

provide a basis for multi-scale monitoring of forest health.

  • PSP data supports understanding of mechanisms
  • Remote sensing provides a basis for broader application
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Thank You!

  • Thanks to my collaborators: Dave Shaw, Rob Pabst,

Warren Cohen, Andy Gray, Matt Reilly, Tom Spies, and Zhiqiang Yang

  • Thanks to USFS PNW Research Station, NASA,

and HJA LTER for support

  • Thanks to Wind River for access to the canopy

crane

  • Thanks to a long list of field crews who collected

the field data (1926 to present)

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USFS designations and PSP establishment

1900

1908 – National forests established in PNW 1913: Wind River EF 1931: Pringle Falls EF 1910: Douglas-fir (Willamette NF) 1914: Douglas-fir (Wind River EF) 1935: Hemlock-spruce (Cascade Head EF) 1948: HJ Andrews EF 1934: Cascade Head EF 1924: PNW Forest & Range Exp.Stn 1979-81: Mount St. Helens, Metolius, Neskowin, Hagan 1946: Alder-conifer (Cascade Head EF) 1971-79: HJA reference stands + watersheds 1978: Mt. Rainier, Hoh River

2000

1968: Wildcat Mtn RNA 1926-30: Douglas-fir (Olympic NF, Gifford Pinchot NF,

  • Mt. Hood NF)

1947: Douglas-fir (TT Munger RNA) 1938: Ponderosa pine (Pringle Falls EF)

1950

2010: High-elev plots (HJ Andrews) 1977-80: Noble fir (OR, WA) 2006: Watershed plots (HJ Andrews) 1970’s RNAs: Bagby, Steamboat, Flynn, Goat Marsh, M. Santiam 1930’s: Metolius, Quinault, TT Munger, Pringle Falls RNA 1982: Mt St Helens NM 1941: Neskowin RNA 1958: Twin Cr RNA 1997-98: Hagan, Torrey-Charlton RNA

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Examples of PSP Measurement Effort

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Addressing Long-term Forest Dynamics

  • Examine forest and individual tree change of

decades (and even centuries)

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Dwarf Mistletoe Dispersal

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Remote Sensing of Forest Change

Cohen et al. 2010.

1999 2005 2007 2016

Example (Aerial Photos)