Nutrient removal practice and developing trends Damian J. Kruk, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
nutrient removal practice and developing trends
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Nutrient removal practice and developing trends Damian J. Kruk, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 29, 2023 322 likes •978 views

Opportunities for improved nutrient removal and recovery from municipal wastewater Nutrient removal practice and developing trends Damian J. Kruk, Tanner R. Devlin, Jan A. Oleszkiewicz Webinar, October 22 nd ; 2015 Biological N removal 1.

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Nutrient removal practice and developing trends

Damian J. Kruk, Tanner R. Devlin, Jan A. Oleszkiewicz

Opportunities for improved nutrient removal and recovery from municipal wastewater

Webinar, October 22nd; 2015

slide-2
SLIDE 2

2

  • 1. Modified Ludzcak-Ettinger (MLE)
  • TN removal
  • Defined Aerobic and Anoxic zones

Influent SC RAS Aer Effluent Anx IR

Biological N removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-3
SLIDE 3

3

  • 2. CAS Extended aeration
  • E.g. oxidation ditch
  • Only nitrification
  • SRT > 10d

Biological N removal

Aerator Influent SC RAS Effluent Sludge

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-4
SLIDE 4

4

  • 3. Carousel oxidation ditch
  • Both processes occur in the same tank

Simultaneous Nite/Denite

  • Extended SRT required

Aerator Anoxic Aerobic Influent SC RAS Effluent Sludge

Biological N removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-5
SLIDE 5

5

EBPR: PAO metabolism

Anaerobic Aerobic PE Effluent

Biological P removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-6
SLIDE 6

6

EBPR: PAO metabolism

Anaerobic Aerobic

PO4-P

PE Effluent

Biological P removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

EBPR: PAO metabolism

Anaerobic Aerobic

PO4-P

P removed in WAS

PE Effluent

Biological P removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-8
SLIDE 8

8

EBPR: PAO metabolism

Anaerobic Aerobic

PO4-P

P removed in WAS

PE Effluent

Biological P removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

EBPR needs VFA!

slide-9
SLIDE 9

9

BNR with EBPR

Simultaneous N and P removal

Influent RAS Aer S.C. Effluent WAS Ax NOx recycle

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-10
SLIDE 10

10

BNR with EBPR

Ana Influent RAS Aer S.C. Effluent WAS (containing P) Ax NOx recycle

NOx!!!

  • Reduce ORP in

Anaerobic zone

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-11
SLIDE 11

11

BNR with EBPR

Ana Influent RAS A x Aer S.C. Effluent WAS (containing P) Ax NOx recycle

  • Reduce ORP in

Anaerobic zone

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-12
SLIDE 12

12

BNR with EBPR

Ana Influent RAS A x Aer S.C. Effluent WAS (containing P) Ax Fermenter NOx recycle

VFA

  • Reduce ORP in

Anaerobic zone

  • Provide sufficient

VFA

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-13
SLIDE 13

13

  • Chem. P removal: Coagulation
  • Al and Fe salts: Al3+ ; Fe3+
  • Small footprint
  • Easy to retrofit

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-14
SLIDE 14

14

  • Chem. P removal: Coagulation
  • Al and Fe salts: Al3+ ; Fe3+
  • Small footprint
  • Easy to retrofit

… but:

  • Higher sludge production
  • High chemical costs
  • Prevents recovery from liquid phase

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-15
SLIDE 15

15

Ferric dose for P precipitation

Fe:P (mol:mol)

0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10

Effluent P (mg/L)

Data Dr S Hermanowicz, UC Berkeley

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-16
SLIDE 16

16

Ferric dose for P precipitation

Fe:P (mol:mol)

0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10

Effluent P (mg/L)

Data Dr S Hermanowicz, UC Berkeley

Target P < 0.1 mg/L ↓ Ferric dose skyrockets

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-17
SLIDE 17

19

Fe:P (mol:mol)

0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10

Effluent P (mg/L)

Data Dr S Hermanowicz, UC Berkeley

EBPR vs + Chem. P

EBPR

  • Chem. P

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-18
SLIDE 18

20

Fe:P (mol:mol)

0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10

Effluent P (mg/L)

Data Dr S Hermanowicz, UC Berkeley

EBPR vs + Chem. P

EBPR to the limit of carbon +

  • Chem. P for the reminder

EBPR

  • Chem. P

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-19
SLIDE 19

21

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 1. Oxygen demand
  • DN is advantageous
  • Reduction of oxygen demand

1 kg NO3-N removed = 2.9 kg O2 saved

  • Recovers Alkalinity

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-20
SLIDE 20

22

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 1. Oxygen demand
  • DN is advantageous
  • Reduction of oxygen demand

1 kg NO3-N removed = 2.9 kg O2 saved

  • Recovers Alkalinity
  • Sidestream PN/Anammox

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Biological N removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 23 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

NH4

+

NO2

  • N2

NO3

  • NO2
  • 40%

carbon 60% carbon 25% O2 75% O2

Nitrification

Autotrophic

Denitrification

Heterotrophic

4.5 kg O2/kg 2.9 kg COD/kg

slide-22
SLIDE 22

NO3

  • NO2
  • 40%

carbon 60% carbon 25% O2

24

NH4

+

~60% NO2

  • N2 and ~10% NO3
  • 45% O2

AOB AMX

PN/Anammox

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-23
SLIDE 23

NO3

  • NO2
  • 40%

carbon 60% carbon 25% O2

25

NH4

+

~60% NO2

  • N2 and ~10% NO3
  • 45% O2

AOB AMX

Savings:

  • 55% O2 demand
  • 90% carbon demand

PN/Anammox

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-24
SLIDE 24

26

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 2. Carbon demand
  • Approx. requirements
  • 6 g bCOD/g N
  • 20 g bCOD/g P

In Out 35 5 mg N/L 5.5 0.5 mg P/L Need: 280 mg bCOD/L Have: 380*0.65 = 247 mg bCOD/L Missing: 33 mg bCOD/L

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-25
SLIDE 25

27

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 2. Carbon demand

Possible improvements:

  • Fermentation of PS

+ 34 mg bCOD/L (VFA)

  • Sidestream PN/Anammox

+ 47 mg bCOD/L

  • Sidestreeam P recovery

+ 80 mg bCOD/L

  • Simultaneous Nite/Dinite
  • Supplemental COD
  • Chem. P removal

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-26
SLIDE 26

28

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 2. Carbon demand

Possible improvements:

  • Fermentation of PS

+ 34 mg bCOD/L (VFA)

  • Sidestream PN/Anammox

+ 47 mg bCOD/L

  • Sidestreeam P recovery

+ 80 mg bCOD/L

  • Simultaneous Nite/Dinite
  • Supplemental COD
  • Chem. P removal

In many cases fermentation is enough

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-27
SLIDE 27

29

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 3. Limit of technology

Process TP mg P/L TAN mg N/L TN mg N/L

CAS EA

5 <3 25

CAS EA with SND + Chem. P

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA + Filtration

<0.1 <1 <7

CAS EA with SND+ ballasted flocculation

<0.1 <1 <7

BNR + post DN + post-precipitation + UF

0.01 <1 <3

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-28
SLIDE 28

30

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 3. Limit of technology

Process TP mg P/L TAN mg N/L TN mg N/L

CAS EA

5 <3 25

CAS EA with SND + Chem. P

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA + Filtration

<0.1 <1 <7

CAS EA with SND+ ballasted flocculation

<0.1 <1 <7

BNR + post DN + post-precipitation + UF

0.01 <1 <3

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-29
SLIDE 29

31

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 3. Limit of technology

Process TP mg P/L TAN mg N/L TN mg N/L

CAS EA

5 <3 25

CAS EA with SND + Chem. P

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA + Filtration

<0.1 <1 <7

CAS EA with SND+ ballasted flocculation

<0.1 <1 <7

BNR + post DN + post-precipitation + UF

0.01 <1 <3

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-30
SLIDE 30

32

Key issues of nutrient removal

  • 3. Limit of technology

Process TP mg P/L TAN mg N/L TN mg N/L

CAS EA

5 <3 25

CAS EA with SND + Chem. P

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA

<0.3 <1 <7

BNR with adequate VFA + Filtration

<0.1 <1 <7

CAS EA with SND+ ballasted flocculation

<0.1 <1 <7

BNR + post DN + post-precipitation + UF

0.01 <1 <3

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

rDON is the absolute TN limit (1 to 2 mg/L)

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Total present worth for a 38 MLD WWTP

33

Million $

No N, P TN 8 TP 1 TN 4-8 TP 0.1-03 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1 2 3 4 5 TN 3 TP<0.1 TN 2 TP <0.02

from JB Neethling, HDR, 16 May, 2012, WERF CBP STAC Workshop

The last 1.1 t P/a costs US $100 M The first 70 t P/a costs US $40 M

High costs of low limits

Oc to b e r 22nd, 2015

slide-32
SLIDE 32

Thank you

Opportunities for improved nutrient removal and recovery from municipal wastewater

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Nutrient Recovery and Reuse: Practice and Developing Trends

Tanner R. Devlin, Damian J. Kruk, Jan A. Oleszkiewicz Webinar, October 22nd, 2015

Opportunities for improved nutrient removal and recovery from municipal wastewater

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Recovery and reuse practice

2

Should we recover or reuse nutrients?

If

  • 1. Recognized ROI; or
  • 2. Mandated

Then yes!

Fluctuating market:

  • Phosphorus = $0.75/kg P
  • Ammonium = $0.20/kg N
  • Dried biosolids = $0.15/kg DS

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Recovery and reuse practice

3

Cases

Saskatoon BNR facility (85 MLD)

  • Crystallizer + P stripping from WAS
  • 7 to 10 year payback

Miami-Dade HPO facility (541 + 426 MLD)

  • Crystallizer on centrate (planned)
  • NPV(20y) < 2x existing operations and ferric dosing!

New York 26th Ward Centrate facility (4.5 MLD)

  • Ion-exchange based ammonium capture and extraction
  • Promising, but lost bid in 2014 to anammox removal

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – N

4

BNR Dewatering P.C. S.C. 100% 10% Sludge liquor Biosolids 5% 65% Remove or recover? Gone Anaerobic Digester 20% Removal can be 2x less expensive than recovery

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P

5

Solids processing

Biological sludge Chemical sludge

Yields large P cache when EBPR P locked and unavailable?

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P

6

BNR Dewatering P.C. S.C. 100% 5% Sludge liquor 45% Biosolids 50% Low hanging fruit Anaerobic Digester

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P in sludge liquor

7

Sludge liquor Caustic Magnesium chloride Effluent to mainstream Struvite

Many processes:

  • Ostara Pearl
  • Multiform harvest
  • PHOSNIX
  • P-RoC
  • Phospaq
  • Crystalactor

Struvite from Pearl

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Sludge liquor

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P stripping sidestream

8

BNR Dewatering P.C. S.C. 100% 5% WAS Stripping 45% Biosolids 50% VFA Anaerobic Digester

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P

9

BNR Anaerobic Digester Dewatering P.C. S.C. 100% 5% Sludge liquor 45% Biosolids 50% Target P load before dewatering AirPrex

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-42
SLIDE 42

10

AirPrex

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P in digested sludge

Struvite Magnesium chloride Air Digested sludge to dewatering Digested sludge Benefits:

  • 1. Better solids dewaterability

(> 4% improvement)

  • 2. Reduced maintenance costs

(up to 50%)

  • 3. Reduced P recycle (up to 90%)

and then…

  • 4. Increased revenue from fertilizer

(up to 10%)

22/ 10/ 2015

vs

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P

11

BNR or CAS+Chem P.C. S.C. 100% 5% Ash 95% Raw sludge incineration > 2x cost of P recovery from liquor But largest source of P! Dewatering

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-44
SLIDE 44

12

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P in ash

Digested and dewatered solids Digested, dewatered and lime treated solids Dried solids Dried solids Digested liquid solids Dried solids Ash

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Equalization

13

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – P in ash

PASH

Centrifuge Liquid/liquid extraction Extractant conditioning Calcium phosphate Lime Ash Hydrochloric acid Solid residue Filter

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – N & P in biosolids

14

BNR Dewatering P.C. S.C. Biosolids 50% P 100% N & P 5% N Class A: N:P from 1:1 to 3:1 w/w Anaerobic Digester Want N:P 6:1 w /w !

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-47
SLIDE 47

15

Neutralizer

Recovery and reuse practice

Nutrient targets – N & P in biosolids

Processing tank Biosolids product Biosolids Chlorine dioxide Sulfuric acid Sodium nitrite Sodium hydroxide Ferric sulfate (optional)

22/ 10/ 2015

Source of nitrogen! Class A!

slide-48
SLIDE 48

16

Recovery and reuse practice

Summary:

  • N recovery is usually not economical
  • Cheaper to remove and produce N
  • Many P recovery technologies, but…
  • Need recognized ROI
  • Recovery from liquor dominates
  • Recovery from ash pros and cons?
  • Decision = f(ROI & Regulations)

22/ 10/ 2015

slide-49
SLIDE 49

Thank you!

Opportunities for improved nutrient removal and recovery from municipal wastewater

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Emerging issues and research needs. Improvement of current performance

Jan Oleszkiewicz, Damian Kruk, Tanner Devlin

Nutrient Removal and Recovery Webinar

slide-51
SLIDE 51
  • Full scale application of one-stage

anammox processes in high-ammonia side-stream treatment (100 installations, none in Canada)

  • NH3NO2 nitrifiers
  • NO2+NH3 N2 anammox
  • Bioaugmentation and retention of

granules or media in tank

Lowering ammonia load by sludge liquor treatment with decreased energy demand

World Water Works Inc

22.X. 2015 2 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-52
SLIDE 52

Lowering ammonia load by sludge liquor treatment: bioaugmentation and RAS reaeration

Anox 8 g VSS/L RAS

Oleszkiewicz CIVL7930, University of Manitoba

X = 7 g/L Aerobic Anoxic Anox Aerobic Sludge Liquor 1000 mg N/L RAS Final clarifier effluent influent

22.X. 2015 3 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-53
SLIDE 53
  • Fit aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for removal
  • f N, P into existing bioreactors
  • Apply AGS to continuous flow

Retrofit nutrient removal (NR) into existing systems

After 3‘ settling

T Devlin, University of Manitoba 2015

Granular sludge Activated sludge

22.X. 2015 4 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-54
SLIDE 54

5

Retrofit NR into an existing system

2 4 6 8 10 12 4 8 12 16 20 24

MLE MBR MLE Biogradex

  • r BioMag

MLE IFAS MLE SBR BioDenitro

MLSS, g/L

HRT, h

CAS- EA

Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

  • Biomass retention and concentration is the key
  • Possible immediate CAS EA process upgrades to a BNR

enabling P recovery

Kruk & Oleszkiewicz, 2015

slide-55
SLIDE 55

22 X 2015 6

Retrofit NR into existing systems

Extended aeration 8 h HRT 12oC MLE system 8 h HRT 12oC Continuous re-oxidation

  • f ammonia

NH3-N = 2 NO3-N = 30 NH3-N = 2 NO3-N = 12 25% less energy Aerobic Aerobic Anoxic

Oleszkiewicz CIVL7930, University of Manitoba

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Retrofit NR into existing systems

Conventional Activated Sludge; 6 h HRT NH3-N = 10 NO3-N = 23 NH3-N = 8 NO3-N = 12 15% less energy X = 7 g/L MLE 6 h HRT Final clarifier Final clarifier Aerobic MLSS 7 g/L Anoxic Aerobic MLSS 3 g/L Vacuum degasification

Oleszkiewicz CIVL7930, University of Manitoba

slide-57
SLIDE 57

Retrofit NR into existing systems: lagoon’s effluent

2 4 6 10 20 30 40

02-Jan-10 01-Feb-10 03-Mar-10 02-Apr-10

T oC

ToC

mg/L NH3-N

Nelson Environmental

  • Commercially available technologies to remove TN and TP

at 1°C

SAGR

in

  • ut
  • 2. X. 2015

Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-58
SLIDE 58
  • There is too much P in biosolids but not

enough N

  • Unsure fate of P from Chem. P biosolids
  • Full scale field research needed
  • Triple bottom line analysis of [CAS EA +

Chem P] versus [BNR + Chem P] both achieving limit of treatment level. Factor- in potential of P recovery

Research: Chemical versus biological P removal

22 .X. 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-59
SLIDE 59

Principled nutrient management

  • Demonstrate cost-effectiveness of nutrient

recovery and nutrient trading in watershed partnerships where agricultural stakeholders would be recipients of the recovered nutrients

  • Example: Great Miami River Watershed Water

Quality Trading Program (2015 NACWA)

  • WWTP point sources: remove $11/kg P through BNR
  • Nonpoint source: $0.5/kg P removed through agricultural

management e.g. change of farmer’s practices: conservation tillage, grassed waterways, cover crops

  • 22. X. 2015

Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-60
SLIDE 60
  • Affordable P recovery from ash
  • Reliable P removal to 0.01 mg TP/L
  • Retrofit technologies for internal generation of

carbon for biological P removal and denitrification.

  • Improved removal of emerging substances of

concern in biological nutrient removal processes

Research: pre-commercialization technologies

22.X.2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

slide-61
SLIDE 61
  • Process upgrades to promote release of P from WAS

biomass stream, ahead of sludge processing.

Research on pre-commercialization technology : P removal/recovery in conventional activated sludge (CAS)

CAS

P recovery

filter Anaerobic digestion WAS stripping Fe

22.X. 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

Low P biosolids

slide-62
SLIDE 62
  • Application of a PhoStrip process on RAS ahead of

solids treatment

Research: Phosphorus removal/recovery in CAS

CAS

P recovery

filter Anaerobic digestion Fe RAS stripping

22.X. 2015 Nutrie nt Re mo va l a nd Re c o ve ry We b ina r

Low P biosolids

slide-63
SLIDE 63

Research: Pre-commercialization technology

Energy neutral facility

HR AS

PN/Anammox PN/ Amx

PE Effluent WAS thickening Sludge digester CHP Electric power and heat N and P Fertilizer Dewatering C and P removal N removal N removal Biosolids

slide-64
SLIDE 64

Thank you

Nutrient Removal and Recovery Workshop: Improving Canadian Wastewater Management