Numeral classifiers in areal perspective: Khmer and Thai - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Numeral classifiers in areal perspective:

Khmer and Thai 'syntactic borrowing' revisited

RIKKER DOCKUM, YALE UNIVERSITY

AUSTROASIATIC SYNTAX IN AREAL AND DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE 5-7 SEPTEMBER 2016

Huffman 1973

Examines the following, in varying levels of detail (i) noun phrases, further divided into centered NPs and coordinate NPs (ii) verb phrases, including examples of adjectival verbs, transitive verbs, modal verbs, completive verbs, and directional verbs (iii) adverbs (iv) adverbials (v) relators, dealing with prepositions and conjunction (vi) polite particles (vii) final particles (viii) major sentence types General conclusion: both the synchronic and diachronic evidence indicates that Khmer has converged with Thai

Huffman 1973

Huffman’s conclusion: both the synchronic and diachronic evidence indicates that Khmer has converged with Thai It’s not clear that Huffman is wrong. But I also not obvious that he’s right We have to rule out chance and coincidence, and we have to rule out common influence on both languages from an outside source. One thing we can definitely do, at least, is to cast a wider net

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

As is ever the case in linguistics, we have a terminology problem. This doesn’t mean that people are actually confused about the concept, but in both written and spoken discussion ambiguities arise, and of course the lack of standardization of the terminology acts as an impediment for finding relevant literature.

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)
• 6. Sign language hand shapes (classify nouns and verbs)

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)
• 6. Sign language hand shapes (classify nouns and verbs)

To be clear, what I’m talking about in this talk is just this one category

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)

“Classifiers” is sometimes used for to mean this subset

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)

“Numeral Classifiers” (Aikhenvald 2000) is this subset

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)

Quantifiers Classifiers

Others have used this distinction, also problematic

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)

Classifiers, Numeral Classifiers, Sortal Classifiers, Specifiers, Numeral Coefficients, Generics, Counter Words

Classifier: unfortunately vague

‘Classifier’ has been used to mean:

• 1. Class terms (myna bird, jackfruit)
• 2. Collective nouns (deck of cards, gaggle of geese)
• 3. Repeater terms (identical to the head noun)
• 4. Measure terms (uncountable; sack of flour, cup of water)
• 5. Enumerating terms (countable; loaves of bread, ears of corn)

Classifiers, Numeral Classifiers, Sortal Classifiers, Specifiers, Numeral Coefficients, Generics, Counter Words

All of these have been used over the decades just for this one subcategory!

Classifier: unfortunately vague

Bon (2012)

This is the type I am talking about today

What is the range of variation?

Noun NUM CLF Logical possibilities: Noun-NUM-CLF NUM-CLF-Noun Noun-CLF-NUM CLF-NUM-Noun NUM-Noun-CLF CLF-Noun-NUM

What is the range of variation?

Noun NUM CLF Logical possibilities: Noun-NUM-CLF NUM-CLF-Noun Noun-CLF-NUM CLF-NUM-Noun NUM-Noun-CLF CLF-Noun-NUM

Found throughout East and Southeast Asia

NUM-CLF form a cohesive unit, in that order, and the locus of variation is on where they fall with respect to the head noun

What is the range of variation?

Noun NUM CLF Logical possibilities: Noun-NUM-CLF NUM-CLF-Noun Noun-CLF-NUM CLF-NUM-Noun NUM-Noun-CLF CLF-Noun-NUM

Found elsewhere in the world (examples?)

What is the range of variation?

Noun NUM CLF Logical possibilities: Noun-NUM-CLF NUM-CLF-Noun Noun-CLF-NUM CLF-NUM-Noun NUM-Noun-CLF CLF-Noun-NUM

‘Never’ found (Allan 1977, Greenberg 1972, 1975; but cf. Adams 1989:24, note 8, which I think is incorrect)

Areal Overview

Jones (1970)

IAa. DEM | NUM-CLF-ADJ-Noun IAb. DEM | NUM-CLF | Noun-ADJ IBa. NUM-CLF | Noun-ADJ-DEM IIAa. DEM-Noun-ADJ | NUM-CLF IIBb. Noun-ADJ | NUM-CLF | DEM IICc. Noun-ADJ-DEM | NUM-CLF

Areal Overview

Sino-Tibetan Mon-Khmer Tai-Kadai Hmong-Mien Austronesian IAa. Modern Chinese Cebuano IAb. Mien IBa. Vietnamese, Brou, Sedang White Tai, Black Tai, Nung Hmong Malay, Indonesian IIBb. Karen Palaung, Khmer, Khmu Shan, Thai Javanese IICc. Lisu IIAa. Ancient Chinese, Lolo, Burmese, Lahu, Maru Rawang

Jones (1970)

Areal Overview

Sino-Tibetan Mon-Khmer Tai-Kadai Hmong-Mien Austronesian IAa. Modern Chinese Cebuano IAb. Mien IBa. Vietnamese, Brou, Sedang White Tai, Black Tai, Nung Hmong Malay, Indonesian IIBb. Karen Palaung, Khmer, Khmu Shan, Thai Javanese IICc. Lisu IIAa. Ancient Chinese, Lolo, Burmese, Lahu, Maru Rawang

Jones (1970)

Who innovated?

Dimensions of distance

Genetically Geographically Close Distant Close Distant

It’s not entirely clear who innovated. Consider two dimensions of distance between languages of a family: geographic distance and genetic distance

Dimensions of distance

Thai Genetically Geographically Close Distant Close Lao

• Distant

Khamti Kam

Lao and Khamti classifier phrases pattern with Thai Lao is both geographically and genetically close to Thai Khamti is geographically distant but genetically close

Dimensions of distance

Thai Genetically Geographically Close Distant Close Lao

• Distant

Khamti Kam

Kam on the other hand, is goth geographically distant and genetically distant from Thai, and so we see a different classifier phrase order And it’s not clear we have a good case of genetically distant but geographically close to Thai

Dimensions of distance

Branch Language Order Khmeric Khmer NOUN NUM CLF Khmuic Khmu NOUN NUM CLF Mlabri NOUN NUM CLF Monic Mon NOUN NUM CLF Katuic Bru NUM CLF NOUN Pacoh NUM CLF NOUN Bahnaric Jeh NUM CLF NOUN Sre NUM CLF NOUN Vietic Vietnamese NUM CLF NOUN Ruc NUM CLF NOUN

Branch Language Order SWTai Thai NOUN NUM CLF SWTai Lao NOUN NUM CLF SWTai Ahom NOUN NUM CLF SWTai Khamti NOUN NUM CLF NTai Zhuang NUM CLF NOUN Kam Bru NUM CLF NOUN Sui Jeh NUM CLF NOUN

Mon-Khmer Kam-Tai

So let’s step back and look at the subgroups that Thai and Khmer belong to in their respective families

(The black bars just divide up clades further within those subgroups)

Ross (2007) – Syntax in contact

Lexical calquing → Grammatical Calquing → Metatypy

I asked earlier who innovated. So let’s stop now and ask ourselves how such innovation occurs. Ross has proposed a useful schema for considering the circumstances under which contact-induced syntactic change can occur.

Ross (2007) – Syntax in contact

Lexical calquing

Unrelated forms come to cover the same range of meaning

(5) a. Thai: ton-maaj sɔɔŋ ton Khmer: daam-chəə pii daəm tree-wood two

CLF.TREE

‘two trees’ b. Thai: phom sɨɨ kluaj mamuaŋ (lɛʔ) malakɔɔ pen-ton Khmer: kñom tɨñ ceik swaay (haəy-nɨŋ) lhong ciə-daəm 1SG buy banana mango (and) papaya

COP-start

‘I bought bananas, mangos, (and) papayas, et cetera.’

Ross (2007) – Syntax in contact

Grammatical calquing

• Calquing grammatical (as opposed to lexical) words
• Remodeling grammatical ‘ways of saying things’
• Falls shorts of wholesale adoption of syntactic structures

Ross (2007) – Syntax in contact

Metatypy

• Requires bilingualism
• ‘morphosyntactic constructions of one of the languages
• f a bilingual speech community are restructured on the

model of the constructions of the speakers' other language, such that the constructions of the replica language come to more closely match those of the model language in both meaning and morphosyntax’

• Ex: Takia (Austronesian) has undergone metatypy,

patterning after some unrelated Trans-New Guinea language

Thai and Khmer

Lexical calquing Grammatical calquing ? Metatypy

Thai and Khmer

Khmero-Thai (Wilaiwan 2001) Bilingualism in Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (1350-1550 CE)

Wilaiwan Khanittanan hypothesized about “Khmero-Thai”

Thai and Khmer

Khmero-Thai (Wilaiwan 2001) Bilingualism in Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (1350-1550 CE)

❖Liturgical Buddhist texts in Khmer script ❖Vernacular Thai texts in Khmer script ❖Parallel and multilingual texts in Thai-Khmer-Pali (Mango Grove) ❖High-prestige Khmer loanwords of great age ❖Sanskrit loans passed through Khmer phonology en route to Thai

Thai and Khmer

Khmero-Thai (Wilaiwan 2001) Bilingualism in Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (1350-1550 CE)

So what’s the problem? Directionality Location

Thai and Khmer

Khmero-Thai (Wilaiwan 2001) Bilingualism in Sukhothai and Ayutthaya (1350-1550 CE)

Direction: If Khmer patterns after Thai, why, during the period of perhaps their most intense contact, was influence apparently unidirectional? No extant Khmer texts written in Thai script. Location: Thai was never a prestige language in Cambodia. If there was significant bilingualism, how far did it reach beyond Sukhothai and Ayutthaya? It’s unclear. Despite the fall of the Khmer Empire and the rise of the Thai polity in the region, it’s not clear that we have the right social conditions for Khmer to be unidirectionally patterning after Thai.

Epigraphic sources

Khmer Jenner Corpus of Khmer Inscriptions (6th-14th centuries CE) http://sealang.net/ok/corpus.htm Thai Corpus of Sukhothai inscriptions (13th-16th centuries CE) (personally digitized from published sources)

Epigraphic sources

‘Numeral coefficients’ (encompasses sortal and mensural classifiers), as cited by Jacob (1993) Old Khmer (7th-12th centuries C.E.)

• krapi 4

“4 buffalo”

• kon 2

“2 children”

• toṅ teṃ 1

“1 coconut tree”

• ku moy ’nak

“1 female serf” (unexpected order)

• Many others, but they are all mensural

caṃmreṅ ptau ’añ | ku juṅ vaḥ | ku vrahey | ku moy ’nak | ku moy ’nak sin | (10) ku tāṅ ’tā16 | ku ’alaṅ | ku trapāc | ku kep | ku saṃmreṅ | ku panlas | ku yi naṅ | Singers: Ptau ’Añ; ku Juṅ Vaḥ; ku Vrahey; ku Moy ’Nak; another ku Moy ’Nak; ku Tāṅ ’Tā; ku ’Alaṅ; ku Trapāc; ku Kep; kuSaṃreṅ; ku Panlas; ku yi Naṅ. (Jenner, K.137, 7thC)

No sortal classifiers in Old Khmer

It is unlikely Old Khmer had grammaticalized sortal classifiers at all We see abundant use of nouns with bare numerals in Old Khmer

• e.g. krapi and kon

Two exceptions: for tree toṅ and for person ’nak At best, classifiers were extremely nascent in Old Khmer If they did exist, it predates the arrival of Tai speaking groups by centuries, so we would have to posit some other influence

Epigraphic sources

Compare to the Sukhothai corpus (post Old Khmer)

lūk – classifier for round or spherical objects: braḥ-mahā-dhātu sạṅ lūk (T.2, face 2, line 75; ca. 1345 C.E.)

PFX.holy-great-relic

2

CLF.ROUND

‘two great relics’ (Griswold and Prasert 1992:402) duaṅ – classifier for circular objects: pariban lek sip duaṅ (T.14, face 1, line 19; 1536 C.E.) bowl small 10

CLF.CIRCLE

‘ten small accessory bowls (Griswold and Prasert 1992:649) We clearly have fully grammaticalized classifiers in Thai at this point

Epigraphic sources

Mango Grove Inscription (Sukhothai, 1361 C.E.)

• Tri-lingual set of inscription (Middle Khmer, Thai, Pali)

Khmer text (K.413, face B, lines 34-35):

…mās jyaṅ 10 | prāk jyaṅ 10 | khvad lār 10 | slā lār2 | cibara kse 4… …gold unit 10 | silver unit 10 | unkn. million 10 | areca million 2| habit bundle 4…

‘…ten jyaṅ of gold, ten jyaṅ of silver, ten million khvad, two million areca-nuts, four bundles of monk’s habits…’ (Jenner)

Thai text (T.5, face 3, lines 14-16):

…dạŋ mən nīṅ| ṅən mən nīṅ| pīya sip lān | mā[k si]p lān | phā cībara sī rạy… …gold 10,000 1 | silver 10,0001 | cowry 10 million | areca 10 million | cloth habit 4 hundred…

‘…ten thousand of gold, ten thousand of silver, ten million cowries, ten million areca nuts, four hundred [sets of] robes…’ (Griswold and Prasert 1992)

Epigraphic sources

• Did they exist in Old and Middle Khmer at all?
• Was Khmer in the process of losing or gaining classifiers? Or were they already
• ptional, like modern Khmer?
• There was certainly a word order change from OK to modern Khmer
• Could optional introduction of classifiers in the Noun-NUM-CLF order caused

mensural classifiers to come along for the ride, or was it a larger syntactic change?

• Thai could easily be the primary influence on this reordering, and the source of

the (re-?)introduction of optional sortal classifiers order; but were there other Tai languages Khmer was in contact with? What was the regional ‘syntactic milieu’, both within and outside of AA?

• I don’t know the answers yet! But this line of examination gives us a clearer

picture of the diachronic processes at work, even if in the end we decide on the same conclusion as Huffman.

Why is this all so difficult?

• The double-edged sword of specialization
• We need meetings like this to broaden horizons and collaborate
• Terminology obscures discovery of relevant literature
• True both across eras, languages, countries, and families
• We need more and better literature discovery
• So far: SALA, Pacific Linguistics archive, etc
• But we also need better cross-linguistic discovery
• Much documentation done in other countries and languages

Chulalongkorn University “Causativization in Nyah Kur” 1982 “A Comparative Study of Kui, Bruu and So Phonology from a Genetic Point of View” 1985 “Phonological variation and change in Kuai-Kui (Suai)” 2003 “System of kinship terms in Suai (Kui-Kuai) spoken by different age groups in Sisaket province” 2009 Mahidol University “Clauses and Phrases in Bruu” 1981 “A Relational Grammar Analysis of the Buriram Dialect of Northern Khmer,” 1984 “The Phonology of So at Amphoe Dongluang, Mukdahan Province” 1986 “The Phonological Study of Northern Khmer: Prakhonchai District, Buriram Province,” 1986 “The Phonology of Plang as Spoken in Banhuaynamkhum Chiengrai Province,” 1986 “A Phonological Description of Nyah Kur at Ban Nam Lat, Chaiyaphum Province,” 1986 “Clauses in So (Bru) of Dong Luang, Mukdahan Province” 1986 “Phonological Reduplication in Vietnamese” 1987 “A phonological comparison of spoken Central Khmer (Phnom Penh) and Northern Khmer (Surin)” 1987 “Phonological Interference between Kuay and Northeastern Thai in Surin” 1988 “Morphemes to Clauses in Northern Khmer (Surin)” 1989 “Pray Grammar at Ban Pae Klang, Thung Chang District, Nan Province” 1989 “Morphemes to Clauses in Northern Khmer (Surin)” 1989 “Anthropological Linguistics in Mlabri” 1990 “A Phonology of Nyah Kur at Ban Tha Duang, Petchabun Province” 1990 “Expressives in Northern Khmer” 1991 “Nam Sod Khmu Syntactic Structure: A Study in Tagmemics, Transformational and Case Grammar” 1993 “A Phonological Study of the Khmer Spoken at Ban Nawattai, Tambon Dongnoi, Ratchasan Sub-District, Chachoengsaw Province” 1996 “A Phonological Study of Vietnamese in Aranyaprathet District, Sa-Kaeo Province” 1996 “The Relationship between Language Use and Language Attitude in Kuy Community in Uthumphornphisai, Srisaket” 1996 “A Phonological Study of Vietnamese at Tambon Khlung, Khlung District, Chanthaburi Province” 1998 “A Phonological Study of Vietnamese at Chumchon Watsritheppradittharam, Muang District, Nakhonphanom Province” 1998 “Thavung Phonology at Muang Khamkert, Bolkhamxai Province, Lao P.D.R” 1998 “A Phonological Study of Wa at Ban Santisuk Moo 19, Tambol Patung, Mae-Chan District, Chiengrai Province” 1998 “Addressing terms in northern Khmer: a sociolinguistics analysis: a case study at Tambol Krasang Ampoe Krasang Burirum province” 1998 “A Grammar of So: A Mon-Khmer Language of Northeast Thailand” 1998 “A Study of the Numeral Classifiers in Present Standard Khmer” 1999 “A Morphological Study of Northern Khmer” 1999 “Mapping Dialects of Chong in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand: An Application of Geographical Information System (GIS)” 2002 “Lexical Variations of Khmu Spoken by People of Different Age Groups at Hintum Village, Banrai District, Uthaithani Province” 2002 “A Phonological and Lexicon Study in Food and Consumption of Vietnemese in Sukhaphiban Thabo District, Nongkhai Province” 2002 “Lexical Variations of Khmu Spoken by People of Different Age Groups at Hintum Village, Banrai District, Uthaithani Province” 2002 “Kasong Syntax” 2002 “The Phonology of Kasong at Khlong Saeng Village, Danchumphon Sub-District, Bo Rai District, Trat Province” 2003 “A Phonological Study of the Vietnamese Dialect as Spoken at Najok Village, Nongyat Subdistrict, Muang District, Nakhornphanom Province” 2003 “Language Use and Language Attitude of Plang Ethnic Group in Ban Huay Nam Khun, Chiang-Rai Province” 2003 “The Hidden Language: A Case Study of Kasong Language Attitudes, Useds and Abilities in Three Villages in Trat Province, Thailand” 2003 “A study of the linguistic and cultural context of Mon names: a case study of the Mon people at Wangka village, Nonglu subdistrict, Sangkhlaburi district, Kanchanaburi province” 2004 “A Comparative Study of Lexical Items and Attitudes of Kuy, Kuay and Nyeu Speakers in Sisaket Province” 2004 “A comparative study of lexical items and attitudes of Kuy, Kuay and Nyeu speakers in Sisaket province” 2004 “A Comparative Study of Lexical Items and Attitudes of Kuy, Kuay and Nyeu Speakers in Sisaket Province” 2004 “A comparative study of lexical items and attitudes of Kuy, Kuay and Nyeu speakers in Sisaket province” 2004 “Plang Grammar as Spoken in Huay Namkhun Village, Chiang Rai Province” 2004 “The Analysis of Lavia ? Oral Poetry” 2007 “Investigating Contact-Induced Language Change: Cases of Chung (Saoch) in Thailand and Cambodia” 2007 “So (Thavung) Grammar” 2008 “Chong Syntax” 2009 “A Componential Analysis of Kinship Terms in Dara-Ang Language, Ban Nor-Lae, Monpin Subdistrict, Fang District Chiangmai Province” 2010 “The construction and selection of identity by the Lawa working in Chiang Mai: a case study of Lawa from Ban Ho, Panghinfon sub- district, Mae Chaem district, Chiang Mai province, Thailand” 2011 “A Phonological Study of Palaung Dialects Spoken in Thailand and Myanmar, with Focuses on Vowels and Final Nasals” 2012 Naresuan University “Lexical geography of minority languages in Nan province: Pray and Mal dialects” 1993 Payap University “A Comparative Study of Kuy Varieties in Cambodia” 2005 “Grammatical Studies of Man Noi Plang” 2008 “Discourse Functions of Right-Dislocated Repetition and Other Repetition Structures in Khmu Oral Narratives” 2008 “Phonological Descriptions of Plang Spoken in Man Noi, La Gang, and Bang Deng Villages (in China)” 2009 “Who’s Who in Kmhmu’: Referring Expressions and Participant Identification in Selected Kmhmu’ Narrative Texts” 2009 “Aspects of Bru Kok Sa-at Grammar Based on Narrative Texts” 2010 “An Analysis of Participant Reference in Bru Narrative Texts as Spoken in Khok Sa-at Village” 2010 “A Descriptive Grammar of Wa” 2012 “A Descriptive Grammar of Eastern Lawa” 2013 “A Phonological Description of Meung Yum and Phonological Comparison of Meung Yum with Three Wa Dialects In China” 2013 “A Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Meung Yum and Savaiq Varieties” 2013 “The West Katuic Languages: Comparative Phonology and Diagnostic Tools” 2016 Silpakorn University “Dvaravati Inscriptions” 1972 “Khmer-Thai Dictionary” 1973 “Relations between Mon state, Burma, and Sukhodaya in the 13th-14th centuries A.D” 1976 “Khmer Script Used to Write Thai Language” 1980 “Pre-Angkorian Scripts” 1981 “Angkorian Khmer Scripts” 1981 “Dvaravati Votive Tablets at Nakhon Pathom” 1981 “A Description of Mon Language of Bangkhanmak, Lopburi: An Austroasiatic Language in Thailand” 1982 “The Kuay Language of Suphanburi” 1982 “Mon Grammar” 1983 “A Description of Mon Language of Cetrew, Samutsakhorn: An Austroasiatic Language in Thailand” 1985 “A Phonological Study of Middle Khmer [Post-Angkorean]” 1986 “A Description of the Mon Language of Salui, Chumphorn: An Austroasiatic Language in Thailand” 1987 “A Description of the Chong Language of Thung-Ta-In, Chanthaburi, an Austroasiatic Language in Thailand” 1987 “Phonology of Sakai Taen-Aen in Palian Village, Palian District, Trang Province” 1989 “A Comparison of Mon Phonology and Orthography: From Ancient to Modern Mon” 1990 “Seminar Report: The Influence of Khmer Culture in the Ayuthaya Period” 1991 “Lexical Study of Mon Spoken in Nonthaburi, Lopburi and Kanchanaburi” 1991 “Description of the Chong Language, Namkhun 1 Village, Khlongphu Subdistrict, Makham District, Chanthaburi Province” 1991 “The Kuy Language of Yoeyprasat Subdistrict, Nong Ki District, Buriram” 1992 “Lexical Study of Mon Spoken in Pathum Thani, Samut Sakhon and Ratchaburi” 1994 “Lexical Usage and Syntax in Mon” 1996 “A Description of the Chong Language in Klong Seng Village, Borrai District, Trat Province” 1996 “Computer-Assisted Instruction of Khmer-Thai Script” 1999 “Dvaravati inscriptions: a palaeographical study” 1999 “Comparative Lexicon of the So Language in Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom and Mukdahan Provinces” 1999 “Lexical Study of So in Dondaeng Village, Thachampa Subdistrict, Tha-Uthen District, Nakhon Phanom Province” 2000 “Lexical Usage of Mon by Three Generations in Bang-Kra-Dee at Bang Khun Tian District, Bangkok” 2004 “Comparative Study of Khmer Script in Palm Leaf Manuscripts in Northeastern and Southern Thailand” 2005 “Pali-Sanskrit Loanwords in Khmer Language” 2005 “A Description of Kuy at Saway Village, Saway Sub-District, Prangku District, Sisaket Province” 2005 “A Literary Analysis of the Sdok Kok Thom Inscription” 2006 “Evidence of Ancient Khmer Culture in Nakhon Pathom Province” 2007 “An Analytical Study of Merit Making in Inscriptions Moderns d’Angkor (IMA)” 2008 “A Comparative Study of Temporal Expressions in Bangkok Thai and Sakai Taenaen at Pa Bon District, Phatthalung Province” 2010 “Color Terms and Attitude toward Color of Thai, Pwo Karen, Mon and Khmu in Amphoe Si Sawat, Kanchanaburi Province” 2011 “Color Terms and Attitude toward Color of Thai, Pwo Karen, Mon and Khmu in Amphoe Si Sawat, Kanchanaburi Province” 2011 Thaksin University “Word-classes comparison study between Chong language and standard Thai language” 1999

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