NON T NON-T RADIT RADIT IONAL IONAL / / HUMAN SE HUMAN SE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

NON T RADIT IONAL / NON-T RADIT IONAL / HUMAN SE CURIT Y T HRE AT S HUMAN SE CURIT Y T HRE AT S IN SOUT HE AST ASIA IN SOUT HE AST ASIA

30 Nove mbe r 2015 30 Nove mbe r 2015

NESTOR Z OCHOA

AMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC AMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC

OUT L INE

Re gional Sc an (Compar

ative Statistic s) g ( p ) N T diti l / H S it th

Non-T

r aditional / Human Se c ur ity: the Conc e pt

Non-T

r aditional / Human Se c ur ity: Challe nge s

Non-T

r aditional / Human Se c ur ity: Challe nge s in Southe ast Asia

Conc lusion and Way Ahe ad

y

REGIONAL SCAN REGIONAL SCAN (Comparative Statistics) (Comparative Statistics)

Population De nsity (2014)

9000

Population De nsity (2014) (Numbe r

• f pe ople pe r

squar e kilome te r )

6000 7000 8000 4000 5000 6000 000 2000 3000 1000 Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu

COUNTRY Population density (2014) (people/sq km) SINGAPORE 7,988 PHILIPPINES 359 PHILIPPINES 359 VIETNAM 282 INDONESIA 133 INDONESIA 133 THAILAND 132 MALAYSIA 91 MALAYSIA 91 CAMBODIA 85 MYANMAR 82 MYANMAR 82 BRUNEI 73 LAOS 29 GREECE 81 EU 116 (2013)

Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu

Note: EU figure is based on 2013 data.

COUNTRY GDP per capita PPP (2014) SINGAPORE 82,763.4 BRUNEI 76,753.6 , MALAYSIA 24,951.1 THAILAND 14 551 7 THAILAND 14,551.7 INDONESIA 10,517.0 PHILIPPINES 6 982 4 PHILIPPINES 6,982.4 VIETNAM 5,629.0 LAOS 5 320 4 LAOS 5,320.4 MYANMAR 4,800.0 CAMBODIA 3 259 3 CAMBODIA 3,259.3 GREECE 26,098.8 EU 34,500 (2013)

Source: indexmundi.com; data.worldbank.org

Population be low pove r ty line

40,00% 45,00% 50,00% 2 00% 30,00% 35,00% 40,00% 15,00% 20,00% 25,00% 0 00% 5,00% 10,00% , 0,00% Source: cia.gov

COUNTRY Population below poverty line MYANMAR 32.7% (2007) PHILIPPINES 25.2% (2012) ( ) LAOS 22.0% (2013) CAMBODIA 17 7% (2012) CAMBODIA 17.7% (2012) THAILAND 12.6% (2012) VIETNAM 11 3% (2012) VIETNAM 11.3% (2012) INDONESIA 11.3% (2014) MALAYSIA 3 8% (2009) MALAYSIA 3.8% (2009) SINGAPORE N/A BRUNEI N/A BRUNEI N/A GREECE 44.0% (2013) EU 16.4% (2010)

Source: cia.gov

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

END OF THE COLD WAR END OF THE COLD WAR marked a monumental shift in the thinking of security in the thinking of security. PEOPLE and INDIVIDUALS as new referents of SECURITY

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

HUMAN SECURITY

(UN Human Development Report, 1994)

• “freedom from fear and freedom from want”
• freedom from fear and freedom from want
• “safety from chronic threats”

y

• “protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the

tt f d il lif ” patterns of daily life”

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

HUMAN SECURITY

(Human Security Now 2003, UN Commission on Human Security)

• “

to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways

• …to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways

that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment.”

• “Security of people — their physical safety, their

economic and social well-being, respect for their di it d th h b i d th t ti dignity and worth as human beings, and the protection

• f their human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR’94) HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR 94)

• Economic Security
• Food Security

Food Security

• Health Security
• Environmental Security
• Personal Security

Personal Security

• Community Security
• Political Security

NON –TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY CHALLENGES SECURITY CHALLENGES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

TERRORISM TERRORISM

Sow fear to achieve

• bjectives

Disregards innocent

human life Kid i

Kidnapping,

bombings, hijackings and h t t ki hostage-taking

International

network network

Weapons of Mass

Destruction

(ASG hostages, 2014)

PIRACY

Attack and robbery

t

PIRACY

at sea

Endangers trade,

tourism and transportation which are dependent on vital sea lines of communication

Can fund terrorism Can fund terrorism Can imperil global

economy

HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING

Perpetrated by persons

normally associated with international syndicates.

Can escape weak and

passive legal checks passive legal checks and bureaucratic loopholes loopholes

Can give rise to illegal

migration migration

NATURAL DISASTERS

Effects comparable to Effects comparable to

war devastation

Relief efforts and

disaster management are difficult responsibilities that

(ST Haiyan; Ph; 2013)

responsibilities that push the military and civilian authorities to civilian authorities to their limits.

PANDEMICS

E d th t t t d d Endanger the most unprotected and vulnerable sectors of the society vulnerable sectors of the society

(Avian Flu; Vietnam; 2005)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)

Haze

(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)

a e

Overfishing Global Warming

(Drought; Thailand; 2014) (Overfishing; Indonesia; 2009)

COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards BRUNEI Seasonal haze from Indonesia CAMBODIA Illegal logging; soil erosion; declining biodiversity and fish stocks; overfishing INDONESIA Deforestation; water pollution; haze LAOS Unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion deforestation; soil erosion MALAYSIA Air pollution caused by industrial and vehicular industrial and vehicular emissions; deforestation; water pollution from raw p sewage; haze from Indonesia

(Source: cia.gov)

COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards Environmental Hazards MYANMAR

Deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and t i d t it ti water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment

PHILIPPINES

Deforestation; soil erosion; air

PHILIPPINES

Deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef d d ti ll ti f degradation; pollution of coastal mangrove swamps

SINGAPORE

Industrial pollution; limited

SINGAPORE

Industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources; limited land availability t t di l presents waste disposal problems; seasonal haze from Indonesia

(Source: cia.gov)

COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards Environmental Hazards THAILAND Air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution emissions; water pollution from organized and factory wastes; deforestation; soil ; ; erosion; illegal hunting VIETNAM Deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing; groundwater t i ti d di contamination; degrading environment due to urban industrialization industrialization GREECE Air and water pollution

(Source: cia.gov)

COUNTRY Internal armed conflict BRUNEI none CAMBODIA none INDONESIA Armed resistance in Papua (Free Papua Movement) LAOS none MALAYSIA none MYANMAR Ethnic armed groups g p (KIO, NMSP, SSPP/SSA, KNU, KNPP, CNA, LDU, ANC PNLO TNLA WNO ANC, PNLO, TNLA, WNO, MNDAA)

(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)

COUNTRY Internal armed conflict PHILIPPINES C i t i PHILIPPINES Communist insurgency (CPP-NPA-NDF; RJs) S ti Separatism in southern Philippines (MNLF; MILF; BIFF) (MNLF; MILF; BIFF) Local Terrorist Group: ASG SINGAPORE none SINGAPORE none THAILAND Ethno-nationalist insurgency along the Thai Malaysian border the Thai-Malaysian border (Patani-Malay National Revolutionary Front) at o a e o ut o a y

• t)

VIETNAM none GREECE none GREECE none

(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)

COUNTRY Specific Pandemic tl i d recently experienced (2009) BRUNEI BRUNEI CAMBODIA INDONESIA INDONESIA LAOS AH1N1 Flu Pandemic MALAYSIA MYANMAR PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE THAILAND VIETNAM

(Source: unaids.org)

COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS BRUNEI

Terrorism/sabotage, transnational crimes

CAMBODIA

Human trafficking

INDONESIA

Illegal and unregulated fishing; piracy and g g g y robbery; human trafficking;

LAOS

n/a

MALAYSIA

Piracy; illegal immigrants; human trafficking; kidnapping and terrorism;

MYANMAR

Human trafficking;

PHILIPPINES

Human and drug trafficking; piracy; illegal fishing kidnapping/terrorism; smuggling; poaching

SINGAPORE

Piracy and armed robbery

THAILAND

Human trafficking; drug trafficking; terrorism; piracy

VIETNAM

Illegal fishing

Sources: cia.gov; aseanregionalforum.asean.org; apcss.org

COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS

GREECE Drug trafficking; smuggling EU Piracy and armed robbery; illegal fishing; y y; g g; human trafficking; smuggling of migrants; arms trafficking and narcotics; terrorism

POLICY O C CONSIDERATIONS

LAND/ MARITIME/ AIR BORDERS

• porous; “borderless” (e.g. haze; disease)
• facilitate movement of “unwanted elements”
• jurisdiction issues between and among states

POLICY O C CONSIDERATIONS

STATE CAPACITY

• Governments, the business sector, and civil

, , society, are the lead actors. “Software” (policy and legal frameworks)

• Software (policy and legal frameworks)
• “Hardware” (physical capabilities)
• Regional and global linkages

CONCLUSION CO C US O AND WAY AHEAD

INTELLIGENCE FUSION

• Sharing of information between governments,

S a g o

• at o

bet ee go e e ts, non-government organizations, and international institutions

• Exchange of threat perceptions
• Countering terrorism misinformation

and propaganda and propaganda

CONCLUSION CO C US O AND WAY AHEAD

• Sharing of best practices

Sharing of experts/expertise

• Sharing of experts/expertise
• Partnering in global/multilateral actions
• Functional cooperation in ASEAN-EU

ministerial engagements ministerial engagements

• ASEAN Political-Security, Economic, and

Socio Cultural Community Blueprints Socio-Cultural Community Blueprints

• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
• Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)

T HANK YOU! T HANK YOU!