non-haze episode in Kuala Lumpur 1 Mohd Talib Latif, Norhaniza Amil - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Surface Ozone Protocol Source apportionment of PM 2.5 during haze and non-haze episode in Kuala Lumpur 1 Mohd Talib Latif, Norhaniza Amil 1,2 , Md Firoz Khan 3 , Yusuke Fujii 4 , Nor Azura Sulong 1 , Susumu Tohno 4 1 School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia 3 Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 4 Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Presentation Outline • Introduction • Main Methodology • Chemical Massa Closure and Source Apportionment – Inorganic Substances (2011-2012) • Composition of Organic Substances (2011-2012) • Source apportionment based on organic composition • Recent study on PM 2.5 2015 • Conclusion Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Introduction • The biomass burning in South East Asia region has been reported since late of 19 th century • Since then several major forest fires in South East Asia have been recorded in 1972, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2012, 2013, 2014 and the latest in 2015. Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Trigger to Biomass Burning • In South East Asia biomass burning has become a traditional method of clearing land in the practice of shifting cultivation, which involves field rotation and the slashing and burning of a new plot of land once the existing plot has lost its fertility Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Wind Pattern June to September Southwest monsoon Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol PM 10 Concentration in Petaling Jaya during El-Niño and La-Niña PM 10 , PM10 Standard Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Research Objectives 1. To characterize the seasonal variability of the PM 2.5 mass concentration and particle number concentration (PNC) 2. To determines the chemical compositions of PM 2.5 in the urban environment 3. To identify the major sources of PM 2.5 in different seasons using source apportionment analysis – Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol METHODOLOGY Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Met Department, PJ 2011-2012 UKM Kuala Lumpur 2015-2016 Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Aerosol Continuous PM 2.5 Gravimetric Monitoring Sampling ____________________ ____________________ • GRIMM EDM-SVC 365 • Tisch HVS PM 2.5 • Flowrate of 1.2 L min -1 Flowrate of 1.13 m 3 min -1 • • 1-min interval • 24 h sampling/filter continuously • Quartz filter [Whatman • 31 size channels : 265 – QM- A; 8’ X 10’] 34000 nm • 2011 August – 2012 July • 2012 Jan – 2012 July • Measuring principle: laser light scattering Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Inorganic Composition Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Organic Substances • OC / EC - DRI model 2001 OC / EC carbon analyser - IMPROVE_A protocol. • Solvent-extractable organic compounds (SEOC; biomarkers derived from biomass burning sources and n-alkanes) - GC- MS • Analyses were conducted at Kyoto University Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Chemical Mass Closure (CMC) [PM 2.5 ] = [Sea salt] + [Dust] + [SIA] + [TE] + [BC] + [K + ] + [Unidentified] (3) where,[Sea salt] = [Na + ] + [Cl - ] + [Mg 2+ ] + [ss-K + ] + [ss-Ca 2+ ] + [ss-SO 4 2- ]; with [ss-K + ] = 0.036 × [Na + ]; [ss-Ca 2+ ] = 0.038 × [Na + ]; and 2- ] = 0.252 × [Na + ] [ss-SO 4 [Dust] = [nss-Ca 2+ ] / 0.11 2- ] + [NO 3 - ] + [NH 4 + ];with [nss-SO 4 2- ] = [SO 4 2- ] – [ss-SO 4 2- ]; [SIA] = [nss-SO 4 “ nss- ” standing for “non - sea salt” Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol US EPA Model • US EPA Models, Tools and Databases for Air Research http://www.epa.gov/air-research/models-tools-and-databases-air-research • Positive Matrix Factorization Model for environmental data analyses http://www.epa.gov/air-research/positive-matrix-factorization-model-environmental- data-analyses • Download PMF 5.0 http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-03/epa_pmf_5.0_setup.exe Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol RESULTS Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol 2011 140 2012 2011 Haze Episode 2012 Haze Episode PM 2.5 concentration, ug m -3 HAZE 120 100 80 60 US EPA 24 h 40 = 35 µg m -3 20 WHO 24 h = 25 µg m -3 0 5-Aug-2011 8-Aug-2011 10-Aug-2011 12-Aug-2011 11-Sep-2011 13-Sep-2011 15-Sep-2011 8-Oct-2011 12-Oct-2011 14-Oct-2011 9-Nov-2011 11-Nov-2011 13-Nov-2011 3-Dec-2011 5-Dec-2011 7-Dec-2011 9-Dec-2011 12-Jan-2012 14-Jan-2012 16-Jan-2012 9-Feb-2012 11-Feb-2012 13-Feb-2012 15-Feb-2012 6-Mar-2012 8-Mar-2012 10-Mar-2012 5-Apr-2012 7-Apr-2012 9-Apr-2012 11-Apr-2012 13-May-2012 15-May-2012 12-Jun-2012 14-Jun-2012 16-Jun-2012 18-Jun-2012 4-Jul-2012 6-Jul-2012 8-Jul-2012 10-Jul-2012 SW 2011 INT.2 NE INT.1 SW 2012 Avg = 28 ± 18 µg m -3 ; 2.8 fold the WHO annual guideline • Ranged = 6 to 118 µg m -3 ; 43% (samples) exceedance daily WHO guideline • • Except NE monsoon, other seasons >50% exceedance WHO & EU standards Source: Amil et al.( 2016) Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Malaysian Air Pollutants Index (MAPI) and Visibility Source: Fujii et al.( 2015) Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Descriptive statistics of PM 2.5 mass and particulate matter (PM) ratio in different monsoon (SW, API; more than 50) Source: Amil et al. (2016) Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group

Surface Ozone Protocol Air quality, meteorological parameters and PM2.5 composition (annual and different monsoon) ANNUAL SW INT.2 5 Aug 2011 - 18 July 2012 15 May - 14 Sept 15 Sept - 30 Oct Elements Unit n = 81 n = 29 n = 7 50 ± 16 (29 - 127) 60 ± 21 (36 - 127) 49 ± 6 (40 - 59) API - 28.5 ± 1.19 (26.1 - 31.6) 28.9 ± 1.36 (26.4 - 31.6) 28.5 ± 1.20 (27.1 - 30.4) o C T 71.2 ± 7.91 (50.4 - 86.7) 68.2 ± 9.22 (50.4 - 86. 7) 72.9 ± 8.50 (59.7 - 82.7) RH % 1.29 ± 0.194 (0.873 - 1.77) 1.39 ± 0.187 (0.966 - 1.77) 1.25 ± 0.198 (1.01 - 1.53) WS ms -1 129 ± 31.6 (23.1 - 208) 123 ± 38.0 (23.1 - 205) 128 ± 22.0 (100 - 167) WD Degree 10.4 ± 17.5 (0.000 - 85.4) 6.27 ± 10.6 (0.000 - 34.2) 8.46 ± 16.9 (0.000 - 45.4) Rainfall mm 1.29 ± 0.31 (0.61 - 2.16) 1.26 ± 0.32 (0.61 - 1.99) 1.43 ± 0.32 (1.10 - 1.93) CO ppm 0.012 ± 0.006 (0.000 - 0.029) 0.010 ± 0.007 (0.000 - 0.025) 0.017 ± 0.008 (0.010 - 0.029) O 3 ppm 0.003 ± 0.001 (0.001 - 0.008) 0.004 ± 0.002 (0.001 - 0.008) 0.004 ± 0.001 (0.002 - 0.005) SO 2 ppm 0.062 ± 0.013 (0.028 - 0.109) 0.057 ± 0.012 (0.028 - 0.076) 0.072 ± 0.013 (0.059 - 0.091) NO X ppm 0.030 ± 0.010 (0.008 - 0.067) 0.025 ± 0.008 (0.008 - 0.041) 0.033 ± 0.008 (0.025 - 0.047) NO ppm 0.032 ± 0.007 (0.016 - 0.049) 0.032 ± 0.007 (0.016 - 0.048) 0.038 ± 0.006 (0.034 - 0.049) NO 2 ppm 1.3 ± 0.88 1.8 ± 1.2 1.6 ± 0.78 2- µg m -3 SO 4 0.076 ± 0.090 0.060 ± 0.023 0.022 ± 0.0079 2- µg m -3 ss-SO 4 1.3 ± 0.90 1.8 ± 1.2 1.61 ± 0.79 2- µg m -3 nss-SO 4 0.21 ± 0.13 0.19 ± 0.077 0.29 ± 0.22 - µg m -3 NO 3 0.99 ± 0.85 1.5 ± 1.2 1.00 ± 0.64 NH 4 + µg m -3 2.4 ± 1.7 3.3 ± 2.3 2.8 ± 1.6 µg m -3 SIA 8.5 ± 3.0 8.7 ± 3.4 9.6 ± 3.0 SIA/PM 2.5 % NR 0.26 0.31 0.21 - 2 -SO 2 µg m -3 1.3 - 8.2 1.8 - 9.5 1.6 - 10 SO 4 Source: Amil et al.( 2016) Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Group