New Technologies for Dark Matter Searches XXX NATIONAL SEMINAR of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

New Technologies for Dark Matter Searches

XXX NATIONAL SEMINAR of NUCLEAR AND SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS OTRANTO, 11 June 2018 Giuliana Fiorillo, Università di Napoli “Federico II”

Contents: lecture 3

• How to improve? Key technologies for LAr
• ReD
• DarkSide-Prototype
• DarkSide-20k

From DarkSide-50 to DarkSide-20k

3

Why transition from PMTs to SiPMs?

• Higher photo-detection efficiency
• Better single photon resolution
• Lower background
• Lower cost
• High dark rate
• Small area → large number of

preamps/cables/feedthroughs

• High capacitance per unit area

4 4

5

SPAD

What is a SiPM?

• A SiPM is a matrix of

SPADs and it usually has 1×1, 3×3, 6×6 mm2 size

• SPAD or μcell (single

photon avalanche photodiode) is the micro- component of a SiPM (10, 25, 35, 50, 100 mm)

• Tile or Array is a matrix of

SiPMs (up to 6×6 cm2)

jean-francois.pratte@usherbrooke.ca

Single Photon Avalanche Diode - SPAD

6

Photodiode Gain = 1 Vbias < VAPD Avalanche Photodiode Gain = 10-1000 VAPD < Vbias < VBR SPAD (Geiger mode) Gain = 104-106 VBR < Vbias metastable

Non linear response It’s a binary detector! SiPM provide a pseudo- like linear response by summing each SPAD

jean-francois.pratte@usherbrooke.ca

B

Single Photon Avalanche Diode Operation Cycle

7

1: Trigger 3 1 2 2: Quenching 3: Recharge A C

• 1. Excellent single photon timing resolution
• 2. Sensitivity – single photon counting
• 3. Silicon mass production low

cost

jean-francois.pratte@usherbrooke.ca

Specifically for Analog SiPM

• Array of SPADs in parallel

quenched passively by in-pixel resistor

8 Hamamatsu

9

• C. Savarese EDU2017

10

• C. Savarese EDU2017

Why transition from PMTs to SiPMs?

• Higher photo-detection efficiency
• Better single photon resolution
• Lower background
• Lower cost
• High dark rate
• Small area → large number of

preamps/cables/feedthroughs

• High capacitance per unit area

11 11

Group the SiPMs and contend with

• G. Giovanetti

12

• Detection efficiency > 40%
• Timing resolution < O(10) ns
• Dark rate + noise trigger rate <

0.1 Hz/mm2

• Operation at 87K
• 5 × 5 cm2 area per channel
• Power dissipation < 250 mW

pulse shape discrimination pratical constraints

Requirements for DS-20k photodetector modules

All requirements met and surpassed

• G. Giovanetti

13

• G. Giovanetti

FBK NUV-HD low field

• 10 x 10 mm2 SiPMs
• Peak efficiency in near

UV

• Low field reduces dark

rate

IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 64 2, 2017

24 cm2 single-channel detector

24 cm2 single-channel detector

• 24 FBK NUV-HD-LF SiPMs with
• ptimized form factor and

performance improvement

• High density SPAD with high PDE
• Peak sensitivity at ~ 420 nm
• DCR ~ 5 mcps/mm2 at 80 K
• Higher over-voltage operation
• The signal from the 4 x 6 cm2

quadrants is summed with an active adder

➡ Full 24 cm2 tile with NUV-HD-LF at

LN2 5 VOV:

• σ1PE = 9% μ1PE
• SNR = 13
• 1PE Time resolution: 16ns
• Total power dissipation ~ 170

mW

• Dynamic range > 100 PE

arXiv:1706:04220

16

24 cm2 detector timing resolution

17

single PE: σ = 16ns

ReD

low energy calibrations and directionality in Liquid Argon

• ReD experiment has first beam in June @ LNS TANDEM
• Original goal is the directionality measurement (high energy nuclear recoils), now

aiming also at a direct measurement of low energy nuclear recoil with same TPC by tuning appropriately the beam and geometry setups

• A significant reduction in Qy uncertainty and “some” indication of the underlying

distribution of the number of ionization electrons at very low recoil would allow significant improvement in the sensitivity at lower masses (1-2 GeV/c2)

ReD Experiment

Target Neutron Beam Neutron Neutron Detector LAr TPC Scattering Angle

N-TOF LAr-PSD N-PSD

• Designed and built at UCLA
• Optimized for neutron beam tests
• Assembled at Naples CRYOLAB
• In its dedicated LAr cryosystem

ReD TPC

• B. Bottino and M. Caravati

• TOP
• new 24 channels FEB
• BOTTOM
• 4 channels FEB

2 5×5cm2 tiles

• 24 NUV-HD-LF

rectangular SiPM,

• 25 µm cell, 10 MOhm

quenching resistor,

• Arlon substrate

Photoelectronics

Top tile Vbias= 28 V Ch A1

First signals

Bottom tile Vbias= 56 V Ch F2

S1&S2

DAQ

Commissioning @ Napoli

Beam tests @LNS to calibrate with neutrons and sense directional sensitivity

DS-PROTO

27

RED TPC 1-ton prototype DS-20k calibration purposes

28

A scalable design: Mother Boards

15 PDMs each 25 PDMs each

Triangular Mother Board (TRB) Square Mother Board (SQB)

1ton prototype TPC

A physics-case for DS-Proto

Bkg [0-50 Ne] composition 9% 40% 8% 44%

PMT gamma Cryo gamma Kr85 Ar39

Test bed for DS-20k technology to be installed at CERN in 2019 370 SiPM tile photo-sensors Low background SS cryostat Possible installation in LNGS in late 2019 Run in 2020?

S2-only analysis background limited in DS50 Potential breakthrough:

• Urania/Aria program
• Use of SiPM
• Larger mass in DS-Proto

Total height 75 cm Active height 58 cm

39Ar depletion in

Urania+Aria

• Urania plant is able to remove 85Kr
• By design more air leak tight wrt to DS50

plant → reduced 39Ar content?

• Relative volatility b/w 39Ar and 40Ar is

1.0015±0.0001*

• Thousands of distillation stages in a 350 m

tall column (Seruci I) under construction in Nuraxi-Figus mine (Sulcis Iglesiente)

• Would allow reduction of 39Ar content by a

factor 10 per pass

• Seruci I production rate is calculated at 10

kg/day, perfectly matching the capacity needed to feed Ds-Proto (800 Kg total LAr) *from calculations

First modules at Seruci (20-3-2018)

34 PIM 2017 - Cluj-Napoca

28 m

SERUCI-0 @ Nuraxi Figus

Low radioactivity photo-sensor

• 5x5 cm SiPM tile with a front-end

amplification & summing stage in an acrylic cage: a Photo Detector Module (PDM)

• Intrinsically radio-pure Silicon
• Screening of cryogenic electronic

components and substrates to achieve the lowest possible radioactivity

• Current estimate – including all

services– is about 2 mBq/PDM, dominated by Arlon 55 NT substrates (for SiPM and front-end)

• On-going fused silica substrates R&D

can achieve factor 10 reduction (200 µBq/PDM)

• To be noted, even 2 mBq/PDM much

better than current DS50 PMT (compare to ~200 mBq/PMT)!

1 10 ]

2

[GeV/c

χ

M

45 −

10

44 −

10

43 −

10

42 −

10

41 −

10

40 −

10

39 −

10

38 −

10 ]

2

[ cm

SI

σ 90% CL upper l i m i t on

DS50 Expected Limit Ar, 2 mBq/PDM

0.7 mBq/kg Ar, 2 mBq/PDM

0.07 mBq/kg Ar, 0.2 mBq/PDM

0.007 mBq/kg NEWS-G 2018 LUX 2017 XENON1T 2017 PICO-60 2017 PICASSO 2017 CDMSLite 2017 CRESST-III 2017 PandaX-II 2016 XENON100 2016 DAMIC 2016 CDEX 2016 CRESST-II 2015 SuperCDMS 2014 CDMSlite 2014 COGENT 2013 CDMS 2013 CRESST 2012 DAMA/LIBRA 2008 Neutrino Floor

Future Darkside Low-Mass Searches

1 year data taking with DS-Proto

DarkSide future program

37

DarkSide-20k

a 20-tonnes fiducial argon detector 100 tonne×year background-free search for dark matter

GADMC detector

a 300-tonnes depleted argon detector 1,000 tonne×year background-free search for dark matter

20- 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 DS-Proto DS-20k GADMC

A LAr shield for DarkSide-20k

• AAr in ProtoDune style large

cryostat to provide shielding and active VETO

• allows to eliminate Liquid

Scintillator Veto and Water tank ➡Significantly simplify the

• verall system complexity and
• peration

➡Fully scalable design for future larger size detector (300 ton)

38

CERN Neutrino Platform:

• Two almost identical

cryostats built for NP02 and NP04 experiments

• About 8x8x8 m3 inner

volume, 750 t of LAr in each one

• Cryostat technology

and expertise taken from LNG industry

• Construction time: 55

weeks (NP04), 37 weeks (NP02)

• Thought since the

beginning to be installable underground

DarkSide-20k nVeto conceptual design

• TPC thin copper vessel to be

surrounded by an active plastic scintillator layer as a neutron veto

• Considering options to load with Boron
• r Gadolinium for increased capture

cross section

• Cryogenic SiPM sensors in Liquid

sensors similar to those developed for the TPC

• Detector concept minimize internal

neutron background sources and allow easier scaling for bigger target mass

]

Energy [keV 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 NR Acceptance 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

200

f

150

f

120

f

90

f

S1 [PE] 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

f 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

1 10

10

10

10

]

Energy [keV 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0.001 evts/1 PE leakage

DarkSide-20k PSD

41

S1 [PE] 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

f 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

1 10

10

10

]

Energy [keV 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 90% NR acceptance

f200: fraction of S1 light in 200ns

nuclear recoils

39Ar

projected LY: 10PE/keV

• NR acceptance region defined by requiring < 0.005 ER events/(5-PE bin) (< 0.1 events in the

WIMP search region),

• The resulting equivalent ER reduction factor is > 3 × 109 , more than sufficient to maintain

background-free operation for more than 200 t yr.

arXiv:1707.08145

2 −

10

1 −

10 1 10 ]

2

WIMP mass [TeV/c

50 −

10

49 −

10

48 −

10

47 −

10

46 −

10

45 −

10

44 −

10

43 −

10

42 −

10

41 −

10 ]

2

[cm

SI

σ WIMP-nucleon

D a r k S i d e

• 2

k ( 1 t y r p r

• j

. ) D a r k S i d e

• 2

k ( 2 t y r p r

• j

. ) F u t u r e 3

• t
• n

n e G A D M C D e t e c t

• r

( 1 k t y r p r

• j

. ) D E A P

• 3

6 ( p r

• j

. ) LUX (2017) LZ (proj.) PANDAX-II (2017) XENON1T (2017) XENON1T (proj.) XENONnT (proj.) W A R P ( 2 7 ) DarkSide-50 (2015) D E A P

• 3

6 ( 2 1 7 ) Future 300-tonne GADMC detector (3kt yr proj.) DarkSide-50 (2018) N e u t r i n

• f

l

• r

DarkSide-20k sensitivity

42

Summing up

1 10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10 ]

[ cm

σ 90% CL upper l i m i t on

DarkSide-20k Total Budget~ 72M€

61% 7% 7% 1% 14% 10%

NSF CFI PNNL

• ther

INFN FOE INFN external

External funds

INFN internal funds 7% INFN researchers 30% 44

Two key technologies

enabling DarkSide-20k and future LAr program

• Cryogenic SiPMs
• DarkSide-20k @ Abruzzo large area,

cryogenic silicon photomultiplier optical modules assembly and test facility (Nuova Officina Assergi - NOA)

• Liquid argon target depleted in the radioactive

39Ar

• URANIA extraction of large quantities of

underground argon

• ARIA Isotopic separation via cryogenic

distillation

45

SiPM to enhance LAr technology

• Advantages w/r to cryogenic PMTs
• Very compact, much lower radioactivity
• Light yield increase by 50%
• Greater stability
• Ten-fold reduction of costs per unit area
• SiPMs love to run at LAr temperature!
• A full chain (development-production-packaging-testing)

strategy largely funded by Regione Abruzzo

• Custom SiPM development for cryogenic temperature (FBK)
• Industrial cooperation for large-scale production (LFoundry)
• Radiopure packaging of the tiles and of the cryogenic FE

readout board

• Massive test and selection of detector modules before

installation in DS-20k

46

Nuova Officina Assergi

• Photosensors assembly

and test facility

• Material Screening
• Microelectronics and

Packaging

• Cryogenic electronics
• Advanced Mechanics

47

A technological hub inside LNGS and open to the region

➡ Industrial and research infrastructure

• Big cryogenic distillation column in Seruci,

Sardinia

• Final chemical purification of the UAr
• Can process O(1 tonne/day) with 103

reduction of all chemical impurities

• Ultimate goal is to isotopically separate 39Ar

from 40Ar (10 kg/day in Seruci-I)

URANIA

• Procurement of 50 tonnes of UAr from same

Colorado source as for DS-50

• Extraction of 250 kg/day, with 99.9% purity
• UAr transported to Sardinia for final chemical

purification at Aria

48

ARIA

49

Low radioactivity argon

50

Broader Impact

• ARIA Project: 39Ar-40Ar separation by distillation
• Application to the separation of other stable isotopes
• Attention focused on 13C, 15N, and 18O
• Industrial applications in medical diagnostics, energy production, …
• Bringing together science and industry to drive innovation-led economic growth
• Mine closure plans have resulted in the collaboration of CARBOSULCIS,

local government, investors, to identify the alternative use of the mine site

• Repurposing the mine site can take advantage of existing infrastructure

and contribute to the local economy after the mine has closed down

NOA

• Medical Diagnos2cs
• Automo2ve
• LiDAR

DarkSide ARIA

• Enriched Stable Isotopes
• Radiopharmaceu:cals
• Nuclear Power Plants

URANIA

• Engineering PSA
• Energy Gas & Oil

Technology

Science

Thank you