Multilocality in Rwanda: forced of deliberate choice? Ine Cottyn - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Multilocality in Rwanda: forced of deliberate choice? Ine Cottyn - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 26, 2022 947 likes •1.22k views

Multilocality in Rwanda: forced of deliberate choice? Ine Cottyn Phd Candidate International Development Studies I.R.R.J.B.Cottyn@uu.nl Dr. Gery Nijenhuis Assistant Professor Human Geography and Planning International Development Studies

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Multilocality in Rwanda: forced

  • f deliberate choice?

19 september 2014 1

Ine Cottyn Phd Candidate International Development Studies I.R.R.J.B.Cottyn@uu.nl

  • Dr. Gery Nijenhuis

Assistant Professor Human Geography and Planning International Development Studies G.Nijenhuis@uu.nl Utrecht University

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Rurban Africa

23 december 2014 2

Work packages:

  • Agricultural transformation and rural

dynamics

  • Rural livelihoods, income

diversification and mobility

  • city dynamics
  • Access to services in low-income city

communities Data collection in Ghana, Cameroon, Tanzania, Rwanda

  • Selection of dynamic sites
  • survey: 200
  • Qualitative methods: FGD, Tracer study
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Outline presentation

Theoretical overview

  • Mobility and migration in SSA: main trends and issues
  • Rural transformation, rural livelihoods and mobility
  • Multilocality, translocality and translocal livelihood strategies

Rwanda

  • History of mobility in Rwanda
  • Vision 2020 and rural transformation

Data collection

  • Site selection
  • Methodology

Multilocality in Rwandan households?

  • Socio-economic characteristics of households
  • How is mobility shaping the livelihoods of rural households in the context of Rwanda?
  • Multilocality/ translocality?
  • Are households forced into these practices under the conditions presented or it can be considered

a deliberate choice?

23 december 2014 3

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Mobility and migration in SSA: main trends and issues

Transnational and urban bias in literature and research 3 main trends of African domestic migration:

  • Diversified spatial patterns
  • Increasing circulation, connectivity and temporary mobility
  • Changes in migration selectivity: the role of gender and generation

3 key drivers of mobility :

  • agricultural transformation
  • processes of urbanization
  • Innovation in transportation and communication

+ specific national policies

  • Conventional of migration research (e.g., origin/destination, push/pull, and

departure/arrival) are not always helpful toward understanding African mobility (Greiner and Sakdapolrak 2013).

23 december 2014 4

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Rural livelihoods and mobility

1) Agricultural transformation 2) Urbanisation 3) Globalisation 4) National policies In livelihood studies de Haan already pointed at some pressing issues :

  • Social change: decomposition of households
  • Economic fragmentation: multi-tasking and income diversification
  • Spatial dispersion: multi-local livelihoods
  • Migration is an important strategy for households to promote and

diversify their livelihoods

23 december 2014 5

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Multilocality, translocality and translocal livelihood strategies

  • led to the emergence of what is variously described as multi-spatial (de Haan, 2005;

Foeken & Owuor, 2001; Start, 2001, 2004), mobile livelihoods (Sorensen 2002) ‘stretched’ livelihoods (Crush, 2013) and multilocality (Dick & Schmidt-Kallert, 2011; Tacoli, 2008) in which households operate along a rural–urban continuum tied together by remittances and migration and extended family networks (Bah et al., 2003; Collinson et al., 2006; Crush& Pendleton, 2009)

  • multi-locational households
  • Greiner (2012): translocal livelihoods

Translocality : ‘the emergence of multidirectional and overlapping networks created by migration that facilitate the circulation of people, resources, practices and ideas and thereby transform the particular localities they connect’ (Greiner 2011:610) How is mobility shaping the livelihoods of rural households in the context of Rwanda? Is multilocality/ translocality a concept applicable to this specific situation? Are households forced into these practices under the conditions presented or it can be considered a deliberate choice?

23 december 2014 6

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Rwanda

23 december 2014 7

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History of mobility in Rwanda

  • regional differences
  • Rural to rural movements, motivated by the search for better land +

movement towards small centres

  • After independence: movement towards Kigali
  • 90’s land scarcity: migration towards cities and Eastwards
  • Intensification of marshland cultivation
  • Opening land of Akagera Park (Eastern Province)
  • Urban to rural

Forced migration

  • 1994 genocide: +/- 2 million IDPs
  • Civil war 1996-1998: IDPs in Rubavu and Gisenyi prefectures
  • Imidugudu (villagisation)
  • Urban – rural: investors

23 december 2014 8

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Vision 2020 and rural transformation

  • Ambition to transform its economy from largely agrarian to a knowledge-based

economy

  • Problem = population density and land scarcity
  • Transformation agricultural sector into professionalized motor for economic

growth (no room for smallholders)

  • Land reforms and creation of land market
  • Villagisation
  • Urbanisation

23 december 2014 9

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Regions with different dynamics in terms of :

  • Agricultural transformation
  • pportunities for economic diversification (spin-off effects to non-agricultural

activities)

  • presence of ‘new actors’ (corporate interests, migrant entrepreneurs, traders,

etc.)

  • demographic changes (increase or decrease of population)
  • quality of infrastructure (physical and functional, e.g. communication)
  • changed and/or accelerated mobility patterns

Rwanda: 2 districts

  • Musanze
  • Nyabihu

Selection of 1 rural development centre (centre negoce) + 1 ‘remote’ village

23 december 2014 10

Data collection: Site selection

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Methodology

  • Agricultural and rural livelihood survey
  • 1. HOUSEHOLD DATA
  • 2. MIGRATION AND MOBILITY OF ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE RESIDENT HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS
  • 3. AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK
  • 4. FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL ASSETS
  • 5. EXPENDITURES AND SAVING
  • Livelihood/mobility trajectories
  • Interviews with local officers (29)

Questionnaires Livelihood/mobility trajectories Focus groups Musanze (Busogo) – village A 25 21 3 (8/5/8) Musanze (Busogo) - Cyasure B

  • 10

3 (8/8/8) Nyabihu (Rambura)- Village C 26 13 3 (7/5/8) Nyabihu (Rambura) – Village D 25 10 3 (10/7/10) Total 76 54 12 (92)

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Focus group discussions

23 december 2014

1 male heads of household 1 female heads of household 1 youth (14-35 yrs, not married )

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23 december 2014 Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 13

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23 december 2014 Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 14

MUSANZE - Busogo

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Nyabihu - Rambura

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District/sector Musanze - Busogo Nyabihu - Rambura Village A Village B Village C Village D Road connection Main paved road connecting the cities of Gisenyi and Musanze 1.5h from the paved road,

  • nly accessible through dirt

road over the hills Paved secondary road connecting rural development centres Dirt road accessible by moto- taxi or 4x4 Type of transportation Car Bus Moto-taxi Bicycle walking walking Car Bus Moto-taxi Bicycle walking 4x4 Moto- taxi Walking Electricity Yes No Yes No Available services

  • Modern market
  • Bank
  • Commercial centre
  • School
  • Health centre
  • Modern market
  • commercial centre
  • school
  • health centre (building)
  • fromagerie

Local livelihood opportunities

  • Agriculture (own

fields or wage labour)

  • Small and big

business

  • Trade
  • Transportation
  • …
  • Agriculture
  • Local wage labour
  • Small business
  • Transporter
  • Small business
  • Local wage labour
  • Teaching in

neighbouring schools

  • trade
  • small farming and

animal husbandry

  • Wage labour on tea

plantation

  • Selling of cheese and

milk

  • Temporary government

employment in terracing Main demographic trends Growth due to influx of businessmen (from both rural and urban areas) Stable, almost everyone now moved to the grouped settlement Village considered ‘full’, mainly due to influx of teacher to the neighbouring schools Resettlement village, mainly former refugees that had to move out of Gishwatti forest.

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connections

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Location Musanze Nyabihu Centre Village A Village C Average HH size Average members <14 Average members 14 + Average number of mobile members Dependency ratio Multiple income generating activities Average number of income sources in the household Ubudehe remote Village B Village D Average HH size Average members <14 Average members 14 + Average number of mobile members Dependency ratio Multiple income generating activities Average number of income sources in the household Ubudehe

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How is mobility shaping the livelihoods of rural households in the context of Rwanda?

  • All households are mobile, using physical movement in

constructing their livelihoods.

  • Most households were involved in daily movements within the
  • wn district or even own sector, however exceptions.
  • Differences are seen among households of different socio-

economic status

  • main constraint to mobility appeared to also be lack of financial

means

23 december 2014 18

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23 december 2014 Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 19

Village A

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Village B

23 december 2014 Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 20

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Village C

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Village D

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Changes in migration selectivity: the role of gender and generation

  • Youth seem to be most mobile group in all research sites

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  • Gender : Although both men and women are mobile, in long

distance and long duration movements we see that mainly men and youth are involved.

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Is multilocality/ translocality a concept applicable to this specific situation?

  • Diversification and multi-tasking
  • Take advantage of opportunities in multiple locations often combining

rural and urban areas. However:

  • Mostly circular or daily mobility and some temporary mobility
  • Individual decisions, personal goals
  • Starting own household
  • Support and exchange networks??
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  • Villagisation: difference between service centres and grouped

settlements

  • Population growth, however income generating opportunities cannot

keep up Ntambwa ijya aho batabaze “Dogs never move where there is no meat.”

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Are households forced into these practices under the conditions presented or it can be considered a deliberate choice?