Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9 Definitions Relative deprivation - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Motivation and Emotion

Chapter 9

Definitions

• Relative deprivation
• Adaptation-phenomenon
• Facial feedback effect
• Catharsis
• Ghrelin hormone

Theories of Motivation

• Definition of motivation
• Instinct approaches - innate
• Drive-reduction
• Arousal Incentive
• Cognitive – expectancy-value

theory

• Maslow hierarchy

Hunger and Eating

• Biological factors-

– Glucose – High carbs = raises serotonin – Hypothalamus (lateral) – Hormone ghrelin - stomach – Weight set point

• Psychological factors -

– Universal taste preferences – Cultural taste preferences – Cultural pressures

Hunger and Eating

• Pesticides lower IQ in children.

“Dirty Dozen” – pesticides

– Apples Lettuce – Celery Cucumbers – Nectarines Potatoes – Blueberries Spinach – Peaches Grapes – Strawberries Sweet bell peppers

Obesity and Weight Control

• Social causes and effects
• Fat cells
• Genes
• Risk factors in obesity
• Weight loss problems
• Successful weight loss

Obesity and Weight Control

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia -

– People who refuse to eat – 20% die

• Bulimia -

– Food binges followed by purging

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating Disorders

Film - Anorexia

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa –

– Clinical picture

• 90-95% are female; between 14-18

years old

• Preoccupied with food
• Distorted thinking
• Maladaptive attitudes
• Substance abuse
• Psychological problems
• OCD patterns
• Perfectionists

Eating Disorders

• Compensatory behaviors

– Misusing laxatives, diuretics, enemas – Vomiting – Excessive exercise

• Relieves fullness
• Reduces anxiety
• Eventually a cycle develops
• Difference between eating

disorders and other disorders – misses the symptoms

Eating Disorders

• Causes / hypotheses -

– Genetics – Physiology

• Chemical imbalance in hypothalamus/

pituitary

• Brain chemistry – high level of cortisol/ low

levels of serotonin and ephinephrine

– Personality traits – perfectionism; control – Parental demands – competitive; high

achieving

– Societal pressures, somewhat

Eating Disorders - Causes

• Cognitive –
• Improper labeling
• f internal cues
• Feel lack of

control over their lives

• Judge selves

based on their shape and weight and their ability to control them

Anorexia

Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa-

– Binges -

• Secret
• Between 1-30 binges a

week

• Consume as much as

10,000 calories during an episode

• Preceded by great tension
• Followed by negative

feelings, fear

Eating Disorders

Film – Bulimia Nervosa

Eating Disorders

– Bulimia vs Anorexia

• Both begin after or during a

period of dieting

• Heightened risk of suicide
• Both driven to become thin
• Bulimics more attractive to
• thers, sexually experienced
• Bulimics have long histories
• f mood swings, controlling

impulses, strong emotions

• Medical complications

differ

Anorexia/ Bulimia Treatments

• Cognitive
• Behavior
• Family
• Group

Eating Disorders

• Binge Eating Disorder

– No compensatory behaviors – Two-third are overweight – No gender/ethnic differences – No extreme dieting as trigger – Similar pattern to bulimia -

• Possible substance abuse
• Misperceive their body size
• Preoccupied with weight,

food ,appearance,

• Feelings of anxiety, depression, perfectionism

Eating Disorders

Need to Belong

• Benefits of belonging

– Survival – Self-esteem

• Rejection -

– The rejected child - Goleman – Two characteristics -

• Seen as not fun to be with
• Don’t know how to make

another child feel good

• Prediction of future mental

health at 18 years

Theories of Emotions

• James – Lange

– Body R, then emotion

• Cannon – Bard

– Body R and emotion occur together

• Schachter – Singer

– Two-factor theory – body R plus cognitive appraisal

Theories of Emotions

• Daniel J. Siegel –

– Emotions have neural integrative quality are way of bringing body into brain. – Attunement – body R to another person – Emotions have neural integrative quality are way of bringing body into brain. – Attunement – body R to another person

Embodied Emotion

• Emotions and ANS -

– Mobilizes body for action

• Physiology of Emotions -

– Facial expressions /brain activity vary with emotion – behavior feedback effect – Left frontal lobe = positive emotions

• Cognition and Emotion -

Amygdala hijacking – prefrontal cortex

connection is by-passed

• One’s perception = most influence over

R; proper use of consciousness can bring health to ailing body

Culture and Emotional Expression - Paul J. Ekman

• Detecting

emotion in others

– Non-verbal cues

• Emotions

displayed thru facial expressions are innate, not learned

Emotional Expression - Paul J. Ekman

• Six emotions across cultures
• Evolution/ natural selection role
• Events that trigger emotions are

influenced by our individual experience and ancestral past.

• Emotions evolved to prepare us to

deal quickly with most vital events of life

Behaving Emotionally

• Thinking is early learning, hence modifiable, but
• nce it enters affect programs, it runs automatic

and becomes difficult to change

• Steps to modify behavior

– Mindfulness – be observer – impulse awareness – charts – Reflective consciousness – causes of triggers

• Ourselves
• Others – attentive to emotions of others

– When make mistakes:

• Reappraise what is occurring
• Can choose to interrupt action, speech, or dampen emotion

Paul J. Ekman

Film - Emotion Facial Expressions

Experienced Emotions - Shame

• Difference between shame / guilt

– Shame = painful feeling about oneself as a person; “I am bad.” – Guilt = painful feeling of regret and responsibility for

• ne’s actions; “I did something bad.”
• Difference between shame /embarrassment

– Shame does not involve public humiliation; embarrassment does – Shame may be response to something that is morally wrong; embarrassment may be response to something morally neutral but socially

• unacceptable. (Haidt material)
• Use of shame/guilt to regulate societal behavior.

Shame

• Shame is fear of disconnection.
• “I’m not good enough.”
• Vulnerability underlies shame.
• Struggle for sense of love and belonging.
• We numb vulnerability – but also, all joy and love

– Addiction – Obesity – Debt – Medication

• Then, become miserable and seek relief by:

– Seeking control – Blame – Pretending what we do doesn’t impact others

Shame

• Solution

– Be seen – open up to others. – Love with our whole hearts. – Practice gratitude and joy. – Believe “I am enough.” Brene Brown – TED talks

Experienced Emotions -

Happiness –

– Wealth – Adaptation-level phenomenon – Relative deprivation – Genetic component – Personal history – Culture – Happiness set-point – Behavior feedback effect