Mental Ingredients as a route to Emotion Markup Language Isabella - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mental Ingredients as a route to Emotion Markup Language

Isabella Poggi & Francesca D'Errico

Roma Tre University WC3 Workshop on Emotion Markup Language Paris – 5-6 October 2010

A definition of Emotion

According to a model in terms of goals and beliefs

(Castelfranchi 1988; 2000; Castelfranchi & Poggi 1990; (Castelfranchi 1988; 2000; Castelfranchi & Poggi 1990; Miceli & Castelfranchi 1995; 2007) Miceli & Castelfranchi 1995; 2007)

an EMOTION is a subjective state encompassing cognitive, physiological, expressive, motivational aspects that is triggered when an Agent believes that a current event causes or is likely to cause the achievement or thwarting

• f an important goal of the Agent

The adaptive function of Emotions

Emotions are an adaptive device aimed at monitoring the state of achievement – thwarting

• f the Agent’s adaptively important goals

(Darwin, 1872; Frijda, 1986; Castelfranchi, 1995; 2000; Scherer 2003)

The “mental ingredients”

• f emotions

Beliefs represented in the mind of the Beliefs represented in the mind of the Agent who is feeling the emotion, Agent who is feeling the emotion, concerning concerning

• 1. the current event and its relationship to the

Agents’ goals

• 2. the goals monitored by the emotion
• 3. the goals activated by the emotion

Some methods to find out the ingredients

• Semantic analysis : analysis of a lexical area in

a natural language. Ex. To analyse pride: pride, proud, cocky, haughty, presumptuous, arrogant

• Conceptual analysis : the investigator produces

examples and counter-examples to discover the necessary and sufficient conditions for feeling an emotion

• Empirical investigation : the investigator

submits interviews and questionnaires to people

Semantic analysis

• Dimensions that differentiate words

concerning pride in italian

Conceptual analysis

• A lead: dimensions

Dimensions

• MONITORED GOAL
• VALENCE
• TIME
• DEGREE OF

CERTAINTY

• Shame, goal of

(self)image, Fear, survival and wellbeing goals

• +  goal

achievements, joy

• -  goal thwartings,

sorrow

• Joy, sorrow  after
• Hope, fear  during
• joy – enthusiasm –

Dimensions

COGNITIVE ELEMENTS expectations, causal attributions, evaluations POWER OF CONTROL ARGUMENTAL STRUCTURE INTENSITY:

• disappointment implies goal

thwarting but also previous expectation of success

• Guilt may require self-

attribution of cause and resposibility

• Shame, guilt, contempt contain

evaluations

• The “potency” dimension:
• Ex. Fear vs. Anger
• Emotions “towards” someone

else: love, hate, admiration, contempt

• Annoyance, anger, rage, fury

Prototypes applied to the mental ingredients of emotions

• Some cases of an emotion contain all the

ingredients  prototypical cases

• Some cases only contain a subset of the

ingredients of the emotion

• Final goal of the analysis:
• to find out the common ingredients that are

present in all cases

• both prototypical and non-prototypical ones

Different kinds of admiration by adding ingredients

Intense Pleasant Emotion of A Due to a positive evaluation

• f an object X

Seen as beautiful to an extent that is surprising Landscape Mantaigne and the statue A evaluates positively the goals to which B applies quality X A evaluates B positively A wants to have positive interactions with B The follower and the leader The object is a quality

• f a person B

A does not have quality X That B has quality X causes A to believe that B is superior to A Maria and Yuri Chechi A wants to have B’s quality A believes A is similar to B A believes A can achieve B’s quality A wants to imitate B The detective and the gangster

Pride

• Pride is the emotion signalling the achievement
• f the goal of image and/or of self-image
• Therefore to show pride means that

– You have done something good Internal attribution of success – You are a winner – You have more power than others

The two facets of pride

Pride is not a single unified construct, but there are two theoretically and empirically distinct facets (Lewis, 2000; Tracy & Robins, 2007). Authentic pride, is based on specific achievements “I’m proud of what I did”; Hubristic pride, is based on global positive feelings about the stable self “I’m proud of who I am”

Three types of pride

DIGNITY: Image of self-sufficiency in order to reach equity (i.e.stigmatized minorities who claim for equity) SUPERIORITY: Image of superiority (based on past or on acknowledged level) in order to gain dominance or to be re-acknowledged ARROGANCE: Image of superiority against someone; provocation oriented to gain dominance or to challenge social hierarchy or social rules;

Real level Ideal level

A < B A = B A ≥ B A > B A ≤ B A > B

Three types of pride = Three types of power relationships

Communication of pride as strategy for social change

• Dignity Pride is a a way to restablish

paired relations

• Superiority Pride is a way to express

dominance and (re)gain power

• Arrogance Pride is a way to challenge the

establishment

The prototypical expression of pride (Tracy, 2004;2007)

• small smile
• expanded posture
• head-tilt back
• arms extended
• ut from the

body; with hands

• n hips.

“authentic and hubristic pride share the same signal”

Do the “three facets” of pride

• dignity, superiority, arrogance -

have the same pattern of expression?

Combination of signals

• Different combinations of the same

basic signals for the different types

• f pride?