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Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems Chiara Dipasquale INTRODUCTION 4 examples of new generation solar cooling systems: Building description and solar cooling plant layout; Working modes and characteristics of

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Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Chiara Dipasquale

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

4 examples of new generation solar cooling systems:

  • Building description and solar cooling plant layout;
  • Working modes and characteristics of system components;
  • Operational modes and system size variants, and results.

INTRODUCTION

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Building description

CASE 1

Reference Single Family House - SFH Reference Small Multi Family House - sMFH

Number of floors 2 Living area per floor 50 m² Yearly heating demand 45 kWh/(m²y) Number of floors 5 Living area per dwelling 50 m² Number dwelling per floor 2 Yearly heating demand 45 kWh/(m²y)

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Solar cooling plant layout

CASE 1

GENERATION DEVICE HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

T5.2 T1.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1

PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTION DEVICES

1. Solar thermal collectors 2. PV panels 3. Air-to-water heat pump 4. Storage tank 5. Buffer 6. DHW distribution circuit 7. H&C Distribution circuit

1 2 3 4 5 7 6

  • Use of solar thermal energy for

DHW production and space heating

  • Use of PV energy for the HVAC

system electricity consumption

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

A/W HEAT PUMP HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW

VM2_3 VM1_6

C5 C6 C1 C2 TES_SNS5 C1

BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

C6 C5 1

PM1_5

C2 C1 1 1

VM1_7

C6 C5 1

PM1_6

C2 C1

VM1_5 PM2_4

C6 C5 C2 C1

HX_2 PM1_1 PM2_2 VM1_4

VM_2 1 TES_SNS3 TES_SNS2 200 l C3 C5 T5.2 1

PM2_3

C2 C1 T1.3 C2 C4 C6 C5 C6 C4 C3out BUF_SNS1 BUF_SNS5

HX_1

T5.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1

PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC

VD_1 VM2_2 VM

CASE 1

5

Working conditions

TES charging by solar energy

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

A/W HEAT PUMP HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW

VM2_3 VM1_6

C5 C6 C1 C2 TES_SNS5 C1

BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

C6 C5 1

PM1_5

C2 C1 1 1

VM1_7

C6 C5 1

PM1_6

C2 C1

VM1_5 PM2_4

C6 C5 C2 C1

HX_2 PM1_1 PM2_2 VM1_4

VM_2 1 TES_SNS3 TES_SNS2 200 l C3 C5 T5.2 1

PM2_3

C2 C1 T1.3 C2 C4 C6 C5 C6 C4 C3out BUF_SNS1 BUF_SNS5

HX_1

T5.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1

PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC

VD_1 VM2_2 VM

CASE 1

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Working conditions

TES charging by heat pump

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

A/W HEAT PUMP HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW

VM2_3 VM1_6

C5 C6 C1 C2 TES_SNS5

VD_1 VM2_2

C1

BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

C6 C5 1

PM1_5

C2 C1 1 1

VM1_7

C6 C5 1

PM1_6

C2 C1

EH6

VM1_5 PM2_4

C6 C5 C2 C1

HX_2 PM1_1 PM2_2 VM1_4

VM_2 1 TES_SNS3 TES_SNS2 200 l C3 C5 T5.2 1

PM2_3

C2 C1 T1.3 C2 C4 C6 C5 C6 C4 C3out BUF_SNS1 BUF_SNS5

HX_1

T5.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6

VM

T6.1

PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC

CASE 1

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Working conditions

Buffer charging by heat pump

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

A/W HEAT PUMP HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW

VM2_3 VM1_6

C5 C6 C1 C2 TES_SNS5 C1

BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

C6 C5 1

PM1_5

C2 C1 1 1

VM1_7

C6 C5 1

PM1_6

C2 C1

VM1_5 PM2_4

C6 C5 C2 C1

HX_2 PM1_1 PM2_2 VM1_4

PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC

VM_2 1 TES_SNS3 TES_SNS2 200 l C3 C5 T5.2 1

PM2_3

C2 C1 T1.3 C2 C4 C6 C5 C6 C4 C3out BUF_SNS1 BUF_SNS5

HX_1

T5.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1

VD_1 VM2_2 VM

CASE 1

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Working conditions

Buffer charging by solar energy

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

A/W HEAT PUMP HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW

VM2_3 VM1_6

C5 C6 C1 C2 TES_SNS5 C1

BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

C6 C5 1

PM1_5

C2 C1 1 1

VM1_7

C6 C5 1

PM1_6

C2 C1

VM1_5 PM2_4

C6 C5 C2 C1

HX_2 PM1_1 PM2_2 VM1_4

VM_2 1 TES_SNS3 TES_SNS2 200 l C3 C5 T5.2 1

PM2_3

C2 C1 T1.3 C2 C4 C6 C5 C6 C4 C3out BUF_SNS1

HX_1

T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1

PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC

VD_1 VM2_2

Working conditions

CASE 1

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DHW distribution

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

ST and PV performance with varying field size and tilt angle

RESULTS – CASE 1

GENERATION DEVICE HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS T5.2 T1.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1 PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTION DEVICES

Solar Fraction and stagnation hours referred to the total heating production (space heating + DHW) 10

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

30° 90° 30° 90° STC_1 STC_1 STC_3 STC_3

Stagnation number hours [h] Solar Fraction [%]

Solar Thermal Collectors - s-MFH

SF_ROM SF_STO Hour_ROM Hour_STO

ROM – Rome STO - Stockholm Solar Thermal Unit s-MFH STC_1 m² 18.4 STC_2 m² 27.6 STC_3 m² 36.8

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

RESULTS – CASE 1

GENERATION DEVICE HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS T5.2 T1.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1 PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTION DEVICES

Solar Thermal Unit s-MFH STC_1 m² 18.4 STC_2 m² 27.6 STC_3 m² 36.8 Solar Fraction and stagnation hours referred to the total heating production (space heating + DHW) 11 PV production and self-consumption for two different fields size and panel slope

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

30° 90° 30° 90° 30° 90° 30° 90° ROM_3 kW ROM_5 kW STO_3 kW STO_5 kW

Energy [kWh]

PV production - s-MFH

PV self HVAC PV self other PV to the grid 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

30° 90° 30° 90° STC_1 STC_1 STC_3 STC_3

Stagnation number hours [h] Solar Fraction [%]

Solar Thermal Collectors - s-MFH

SF_ROM SF_STO Hour_ROM Hour_STO

Photovoltaic Unit s-MFH PV_1 kWp 3 PV_2 kWp 4 PV_3 kWp 5 ROM – Rome STO - Stockholm

ST and PV performance with varying field size and tilt angle

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

RESULTS – CASE 1

GENERATION DEVICE HJ_HYDRAULIC JUNCTION DHW BUF_BUFFER TES_THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE STC_SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS T5.2 T1.3 T5.4 T5.5 T5.6 T6.1 PV_PHOTOVOLTAIC DISTRIBUTION DEVICES

Comparison of similar field areas of STC (27 m²) or PV (24 m²) in terms of electric energy savings for DHW, heating and cooling uses 12

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

NO_ST_PV STC_2 PV_1 NO_ST_PV STC_2 PV_1 ROME STOCKHOLM

Final Energy [kWh/(m²y)]

Electricity consumption - s-MFH

14% 20% 23% 14%

ST and PV performance for different sizes and slopes

  • Slightly higher energy savings in Southern

climates due to higher cooling loads

  • Same energy savings for a solar thermal

(STC) or photovoltaic (PV) field in Northern climates

ROM – Rome STO – Stockholm

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Building description

CASE 2

Wooden Residential Building (WRB)

Number of floors 2 Living area per floor 130 m²

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Solar cooling plant layout

CASE 2

1. Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) 2. Storage tank – 1000 l 3. Electric Heater 4. Adsorption chiller – 10 kW 5. Dry cooler 6. Fan coil

  • Adsorption chiller for space cooling;
  • Solar collectors (CPC) for heating

and DHW demands

  • Heat rejection through dry-cooler.

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 2

Running the solar system

Working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

<

CASE 2

Working conditions

Space cooling mode

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 2

Working conditions

Running the back-up heater

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 2

Working conditions

Domestic Hot Water and space heating

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Absorption chiller in different climates

RESULTS – CASE 2

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# solar collectors SPF heating [-] SPF cooling [-] SF total [%] PER total [-] Freiburg 6 6.7 5.2 51% 1.2 Stuttgart 6 9.5 7.9 56% 1.3 Marseille 6 11.6 9.6 92% 1.9 Messina 8 14.8 12.3 67% 2 Luca 8 14.3 13.0 66% 2 Athens 8 10.4 10.9 69% 2.4 Barcelona 8 12.9 11.7 73% 2.4 Almeria 8 10.7 11.8 66% 1.9 Larnaca 10 11.9 12.7 63% 2.1

  • The highest SF is in Marseille where

heating and cooling demands are similar;

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Absorption chiller in different climates

RESULTS – CASE 2

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# solar collectors SPF heating [-] SPF cooling [-] SF total [%] PER total [-] Freiburg 6 6.7 5.2 51% 1.2 Stuttgart 6 9.5 7.9 56% 1.3 Marseille 6 11.6 9.6 92% 1.9 Messina 8 14.8 12.3 67% 2 Luca 8 14.3 13.0 66% 2 Athens 8 10.4 10.9 69% 2.4 Barcelona 8 12.9 11.7 73% 2.4 Almeria 8 10.7 11.8 66% 1.9 Larnaca 10 11.9 12.7 63% 2.1

  • The highest SF is in Marseille where

heating and cooling demands are similar;

  • Northern climates have low SF due to

small collector size and high heating demand;

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Absorption chiller in different climates

RESULTS – CASE 2

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# solar collectors SPF heating [-] SPF cooling [-] SF total [%] PER total [-] Freiburg 6 6.7 5.2 51% 1.2 Stuttgart 6 9.5 7.9 56% 1.3 Marseille 6 11.6 9.6 92% 1.9 Messina 8 14.8 12.3 67% 2 Luca 8 14.3 13.0 66% 2 Athens 8 10.4 10.9 69% 2.4 Barcelona 8 12.9 11.7 73% 2.4 Almeria 8 10.7 11.8 66% 1.9 Larnaca 10 11.9 12.7 63% 2.1

  • The highest SF is in Marseille where

heating and cooling demands are similar;

  • Northern climates have low SF due to

small collector size and high heating demand;

  • Although Northern climates are not the

best application for adsorption chillers, all the cases have PER (Primary Energy Ratio) > 1 and Solar Fraction > 60%

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Building description

CASE 3

TheBat Building (Task 44)

Number of floors 2 Living area per floor 70 m² Yearly heating demand 45 kWh/(m²y)

Location: Innsbruck (Austria)

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Solar cooling plant layout

CASE 3

1. PV PV panels – 20 m² - 40 m² 2. HP Heat pump – 10 kW 3. DHW Domestic Hot Water 4. SH Space heating 5. TES Thermal Energy Storage 6. TABS Thermal Activated Building Structure Use of PV for covering the heat pump consumption: 1. SELF consumption; 2. Overheating the TES; 3. Overheating the TABS; 4. Overheating TES and TABS.

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Working conditions

CASE 3

TES charging for DHW uses

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 3

TES charging for space heating use

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Working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 3

Direct space heating from the heat pump

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Working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

SPF and HP performance at different working conditions

RESULTS – CASE 3

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  • The strategy of overheating the TES

reduces the HP performance (SPFel,HP) because of the higher working temperatures;

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

RESULTS – CASE 3

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  • The strategy of overheating the TES

reduces the HP performance (SPFel,HP) because of the higher working temperatures;

  • Overheating the BUI and the TES+BUI

increases the thermal losses;

SPF and HP performance at different working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

RESULTS – CASE 3

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  • The strategy of overheating the TES

reduces the HP performance (SPFel,HP) because of the higher working temperatures;

  • Overheating the BUI and the TES+BUI

increases the thermal losses;

  • Bigger PV field area and storage

capacity reduce the used energy from the grid, but increase energy losses;

  • Bigger storages do not significantly

improve the system performance.

SPF and HP performance at different working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Building description

CASE 4

Multi-family house HVACviaFaçade Location: Graz (Austria)

Number of floors 3 Living area per dwelling 50.3 m² (average) Dwellings per floor 4 Yearly heating demand 15 kWh/(m²y) – BUI 15 Yearly heating demand 30 kWh/(m²y) – BUI 30

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

Layout description

CASE 4

Central outdoor air heat pump Decentralized outdoor air heat pump Direct electric heating

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 4 - 1

Central outdoor air heat pump 1. PV panels 189 m² - 15.75 m²/dwelling 2. Heat pump 10 kW (BUI 15) – 20 kW (BUI 30) 3. Buffer Tank – 1500 l (BUI 15) – 2000 l (BUI 30) 4. DHW tank – 150 l/dwelling 5. Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery

  • Maximize PV production for the centralized

heat pump electric consumption;

  • Use of decentralized storages for DHW uses;
  • Use of two set temperatures for the tanks.

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Layout description and working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 4 - 2

Decentralized outdoor air heat pump 1. PV panels 176 m² - 14.5 m²/dwelling 2. Heat pump 2 kW/dwelling 3. Direct space heating from the heat pump 4. DHW tank – 150 l/dwelling 5. Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery

  • Maximize PV production for the decentralized

heat pumps consumption;

  • Use of decentralized storages for DHW uses;
  • Use of two set temperatures for the tanks.

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Layout description and working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CASE 4 - 3

Direct electric heating

1 2 3 4

1. PV panels 1 176 m² - 14.5 m²/dwelling 2. PV panels 2 419 m² - 34.9 m²/dwelling 3. Electric heater 2.5 kW and 150 l 4. Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery

  • Maximize PV production for self-use;
  • Use of two set temperatures for the tank;
  • Use of the roof surface for additional PV

panels.

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Layout description and working conditions

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

SPF and SCOP

RESULTS – CASE 4

#1: Central heat pump #2: Heat Pump in each apartment #3: Direct electrical heating

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  • SCOP is slightly lower in cases with a PV field due

to the higher working temperatures

  • The highest SPFs are encountered in the

decentralized configuration;

  • However, a low energy demanding building with

a big PV field has a high SPF.

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

SPF and SCOP

RESULTS – CASE 4

#1: Central heat pump #2: Heat Pump in each apartment #3: Direct electrical heating

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  • SCOP is slightly lower in cases with a PV field due

to the higher working temperatures

  • The highest SPFs are encountered in the

decentralized configuration;

  • However, a low energy demanding building with

a big PV field has a high SPF.

  • Self-consumption accounts for one third to a half
  • f the total production.
  • The excess of electricity fed into the grid is high

in all cases, with exception of the direct heating with small PV field

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Chiara Dipasquale – Modelling results on New Generation Solar Cooling systems

CONCLUSIONS

  • Solar driven systems can assume different configurations, from the PV coupled to a heat

pump for heating production to the integration of solar thermal collectors for decreasing thermal loads to the use of sorption chillers for the cooling loads;

  • When designing a solar energy system, the solar field size is key, in fact bigger solar thermal

fields can cause stagnation problems and in PV systems the self-consumption can be only a small fraction of the produced energy (20% to 30%);

  • Solar technologies have good results in terms of solar fraction and SPF also in northern

climates thanks to the longer winter season and the inclination of solar radiation in this period.

  • The use of thermal storages can help to maximize the use of solar energy also in

combination with PV systems.

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Chiara Dipasquale – chiara.dipasquale@eurac.edu

THANK YOU

www.eurac.edu http://task53.iea-shc.org/