[PPT] - Modeling the Mind with Logic Selmer Bringsjord Rensselaer AI & PowerPoint Presentation

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

Selmer Bringsjord

Rensselaer AI & Reasoning (RAIR) Lab Department of Cognitve Science Department of Computer Science Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Troy NY 12180 USA 3.6.09 Arlington VA

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

As you must yourselves confess, the key terms here are painfully ambiguous.

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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People Harness Hypercomputation, and More

29

by

SUPERMINDS

People Harness Hypercomputation, and More

by Selmer Bringsjord and Micael Zenzen

This is the first book-length presentation and defense of a new theory of human and machine cognition, according to which human persons are superminds. Superminds are capable of processing information not only at and below the level of Turing machines (standard computers), but above that level (the “Turing Limit”), as information processing devices that have not yet been (and perhaps can never be) built, but have been mathematically specified; these devices are known as super-Turing machines or

hypercomputers. Superminds, as explained herein, also have properties no machine,

whether above or below the Turing Limit, can have. The present book is the third and pivotal volume in Bringsjord’s supermind quartet; the first two books were What Robots Can and Can’t Be (Kluwer) and AI and Literary Creativity (Lawrence Erlbaum). The final chapter of this book offers eight prescriptions for the concrete practice of AI and cognitive science in light of the fact that we are superminds. SELMER BRINGSJORD AND MICHAEL ZENZEN

SUPERMINDS

People Harness Hypercomputation, and More

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS COGS 29

Bringsjord COGS 29 PB(2)xpr 07-02-2003 16:26 Pagina 1

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Superminds (2003)

Turing Limit

Information Processing

Phenomena in the incorporeal realm that can’t be expressed in any third-person scheme

persons animals

(chess, swimming, flying, locomotion)

Hypercomputation

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Superminds (2003)

Turing Limit

Information Processing

Phenomena in the incorporeal realm that can’t be expressed in any third-person scheme

persons animals

(chess, swimming, flying, locomotion)

Hypercomputation

Sunday.

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

unsearchably difficult; ignore real p- consciousness, and ignore real s-consciousness

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

unsearchably difficult; ignore real p- consciousness, and ignore real s-consciousness

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

unsearchably difficult; ignore real p- consciousness, and ignore real s-consciousness

machines still whipped by sharp toddlers; logic our only hope

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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to “will,” to make choices and decisions, set plans and projects —

autonomously;

for consciousness, for experiencing pain and sorrow and happiness, and

a thousand other emotions — love, passion, gratitude, and so on;

for self-consciousness, for being aware of his/her states of mind,

inclinations, preferences, etc., and for grasping the concept of him/ herself;

to communicate through a language;
to know things and believe things, and to believe things about what
thers believe (and so on);
to desire not only particular objects and events, but also changes in his
r her character;
to reason (for example, in the fashion needed to prove the correctness
f responses in false-belief, wise man, ... tests).

x is a person iff x has the capacity ...

unsearchably difficult; ignore real p- consciousness, and ignore real s-consciousness

machines still whipped by sharp toddlers; logic our only hope

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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“Logic-Based/Declarative Computational Cognitive Modeling” by Selmer Bringsjord Preprint: http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/sb_lccm_ab-toc_031607.pdf

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“Logic-Based/Declarative Computational Cognitive Modeling” by Selmer Bringsjord Preprint: http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/sb_lccm_ab-toc_031607.pdf

Bringsjord, S. (2008) “The Logicist Manifesto: At Long Last Let Logic- Based AI Become a Field Unto Itself” Journal of Applied Logic 6.4: 502–525.

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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The Space of Logical Systems

FOL ZF

Classical Mathematics

Epistemic Logics Infinitary Logics

Strength-Factor Logics

Deontic Logics Visual Logics

(Vivid, e.g.) Propositional Calculus (Slate, e.g.)

(Socio-Cognitive Calculus, e.g.)

... ...

Aristotelian Logic Gödelian Incompleteness Description Logics

... ...

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I’m betting the farm on one logical system L (e.g., production systems, CYC-L, ...).

Absolutely Crucial for AGI:

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I’m betting the farm on one logical system L (e.g., production systems, CYC-L, ...). versus

Absolutely Crucial for AGI:

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I’m betting the farm on one logical system L (e.g., production systems, CYC-L, ...). versus I know humans operate in ways that range across these logical systems, so I need a formal theory, and a corresponding set of processes, that captures the meta-coordination of various logical systems.

Absolutely Crucial for AGI:

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

For computational cognitive science, this needs to be formalized, so that the field can be theorem-guided.

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Modeling the Mind with Logic

For computational cognitive science, this needs to be formalized, so that the field can be theorem-guided. For AI, we can fall back on computing functions.

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Method

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Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Method

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Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Formalize this cognition in advanced logical systems.

Method

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Formalize this cognition in advanced logical systems.
As needed, carry out further formal analysis, establishing

key theorems, etc., at the meta-reasoning level.

Method

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Formalize this cognition in advanced logical systems.
As needed, carry out further formal analysis, establishing

key theorems, etc., at the meta-reasoning level.

In the light of this formal work, implement working

computer programs as well.

Method

Sunday, March 8, 2009

SLIDE 38

Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Formalize this cognition in advanced logical systems.
As needed, carry out further formal analysis, establishing

key theorems, etc., at the meta-reasoning level.

In the light of this formal work, implement working

computer programs as well.

Boost performance of implementations as needed by

clever software engineering and HPC.

Method

Sunday, March 8, 2009

SLIDE 39

Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Formalize this cognition in advanced logical systems.
As needed, carry out further formal analysis, establishing

key theorems, etc., at the meta-reasoning level.

In the light of this formal work, implement working

computer programs as well.

Boost performance of implementations as needed by

clever software engineering and HPC.

Empower humans by handing over implementations.

Method

Sunday, March 8, 2009

SLIDE 40

Isolate and dissect the impressive cognition in question,

whether in humans or computing machines.

Formalize this cognition in advanced logical systems.
As needed, carry out further formal analysis, establishing

key theorems, etc., at the meta-reasoning level.

In the light of this formal work, implement working

computer programs as well.

Boost performance of implementations as needed by

clever software engineering and HPC.

Empower humans by handing over implementations.
If desired, provide assistance with implementations.

Method

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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Examples ...

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False Belief(-Like) Tasks ...

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In SL, w/ real-time comm w/ ATP

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In SL, w/ real-time comm w/ ATP

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“The present account of the false belief transition is incomplete in important ways. After all, our agent had only to choose the best of two known models. This begs an understanding of the dynamics of rational revision near threshold and when the space of possible models is far larger. Further, a single formal model ought ultimately to be applicable to many false belief tasks, and to reasoning about mental states more generally. Several components seem necessary to extend a particular theory of mind into such a framework theory: a richer representation for the propositional content and attitudes in these tasks, extension of the implicit quantifier over trials to one over situations and people, and a broader view of the probability distributions relating mental state variables. Each of these is an important direction for future research.” “Intuitive Theories of Mind: A Rational Approach to False Belief” Goodman et al.

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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“The present account of the false belief transition is incomplete in important ways. After all, our agent had only to choose the best of two known models. This begs an understanding of the dynamics of rational revision near threshold and when the space of possible models is far larger. Further, a single formal model ought ultimately to be applicable to many false belief tasks, and to reasoning about mental states more generally. Several components seem necessary to extend a particular theory of mind into such a framework theory: a richer representation for the propositional content and attitudes in these tasks, extension of the implicit quantifier over trials to one over situations and people, and a broader view of the probability distributions relating mental state variables. Each of these is an important direction for future research.” “Intuitive Theories of Mind: A Rational Approach to False Belief” Goodman et al. “The present account of the false belief transition is incomplete in important ways. After all, our agent had only to choose the best of two known models. This begs an understanding of the dynamics of rational revision near threshold and when the space of possible models is far larger. Further, a single formal model ought ultimately to be applicable to many false belief tasks, and to reasoning about mental states more generally. Several components seem necessary to extend a particular theory of mind into such a framework theory: a richer representation for the propositional content and attitudes in these tasks, extension of the implicit quantifier over trials to one over situations and people, and a broader view of the probability distributions relating mental state variables. Each of these is an important direction for future research.” “Intuitive Theories of Mind: A Rational Approach to False Belief” Goodman et al.

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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“The present account of the false belief transition is incomplete in important ways. After all, our agent had only to choose the best of two known models. This begs an understanding of the dynamics of rational revision near threshold and when the space of possible models is far larger. Further, a single formal model ought ultimately to be applicable to many false belief tasks, and to reasoning about mental states more generally. Several components seem necessary to extend a particular theory of mind into such a framework theory: a richer representation for the propositional content and attitudes in these tasks, extension of the implicit quantifier over trials to one over situations and people, and a broader view of the probability distributions relating mental state variables. Each of these is an important direction for future research.” “Intuitive Theories of Mind: A Rational Approach to False Belief” Goodman et al.

Done. Done.

“The present account of the false belief transition is incomplete in important ways. After all, our agent had only to choose the best of two known models. This begs an understanding of the dynamics of rational revision near threshold and when the space of possible models is far larger. Further, a single formal model ought ultimately to be applicable to many false belief tasks, and to reasoning about mental states more generally. Several components seem necessary to extend a particular theory of mind into such a framework theory: a richer representation for the propositional content and attitudes in these tasks, extension of the implicit quantifier over trials to one over situations and people, and a broader view of the probability distributions relating mental state variables. Each of these is an important direction for future research.” “Intuitive Theories of Mind: A Rational Approach to False Belief” Goodman et al.

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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The Socio-Cognitive Calculus

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Konstantine Arkoudas & Selmer Bringsjord

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In this approach,

ntologies are

simply pairs

(Σ, Φ)

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Full generality wrt time and change: includes event calculus — yet fast. In this approach,

ntologies are

simply pairs

(Σ, Φ)

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Methods would seem to be key for general intelligence.

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Methods would seem to be key for general intelligence.

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Cracking Wise Man Tests ...

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

Wise man A Wise man C Wise man B

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

I don’t know

Wise man A Wise man C Wise man B

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

I don’t know I don’t know

Wise man A Wise man C Wise man B

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

I don’t know I don’t know I DO know

Wise man A Wise man C Wise man B

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

I don’t know I don’t know I DO know

Wise man A Wise man C Wise man B

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Wise Men Puzzle

? ? ?

I don’t know I don’t know I DO know

Wise man A Wise man C Wise man B

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Start of Reasoning in WMP3

(pov of truly wise man; easy for smart humans)

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Start of Reasoning in WMP3

(pov of truly wise man; easy for smart humans)

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Proved-Sound Algorithm for Generating Proof- Theoretic Solution to WMPn All our human- authored proofs machine- checked.

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“Life and Death” Wise Man Test (3)

* Again: Object-level reasoning, reasoning that produces object-level reasoning (e.g., methods), and direct, “dirty,” purely computational procedures.

Sunday, March 8, 2009

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Modeling Visual Reasoning

Arkoudas, K. & Bringsjord, S. (forthcoming) “Vivid: An AI Framework for Heterogeneous Problem Solving” Artificial Intelligence.

(Thank you DARPA and IARPA/ARDA/DTO.)

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Monday.

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The End

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