& Mobility COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH EFFICIENCY ROTARY ENGINE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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& Mobility COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH EFFICIENCY ROTARY ENGINE - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Power & Mobility COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH EFFICIENCY ROTARY ENGINE FOR GENERATOR, APU, AND RANGE- EXTENDED ELECTRIC VEHICLES Alexander Shkolnik, PhD (Presenting Author) Nikolay Shkolnik, PhD, Jeff Scarcella, Mark Nickerson, Alexander

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018

COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH EFFICIENCY ROTARY ENGINE FOR GENERATOR, APU, AND RANGE- EXTENDED ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Alexander Shkolnik, PhD (Presenting Author) Nikolay Shkolnik, PhD, Jeff Scarcella, Mark Nickerson, Alexander Kopache, Kyle Becker, Michael Bergin, PhD, Adam Spitulnik, Rodrigo Equiluz, Ryan Fagan, Saad Ahmed, Sean Donnelly, Tiago Costa

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Outline

  • Introduction
  • High Efficiency Hybrid Cycle

(HEHC) overview

  • X4 engine overview
  • Design considerations
  • Preliminary results
  • Applications

This research was, in part, funded by the U.S. Government. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. The “Old Way” The “New Way”

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Motivation: Seeking Power AND Efficiency

LiquidPiston addresses a technology whitespace - there are currently no engines that are both highly efficient, and very power dense

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power Reimagined: it starts with physics

Advanced Thermodynamic Cycle

+

New Rotary Engine Architecture 30% more efficient 2x quieter 10x smaller & lighter Near zero vibration

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Thermodynamics: Overview of P- V diagram

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Thermodynamics: Overview of P- V diagram

Want to “Stretch” this curve to maximize power and efficiency

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

50% Thermal efficiency engines

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2009/session1/deer09_reitz.pdf , Slide # 28

Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel is the most powerful and efficient prime-mover in the world. Bore 38”, 1820 L, 7780 HP/Cyl at 102 RPM

“If technology could be applied to all US Truck and Auto engines, oil consumption could be reduced by 1/3 = oil imports from Persian Gulf “

Slow speed of engine, at 102 RPM, gives plenty of time for mixing and burning of fuel while piston is near Top Dead Center position.

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Benefits of constant volume combustion //

Gordon P. Blair

“[a piston] engine cannot conduct combustion at constant volume … because a real burning process takes time, the piston keeps moving, and the cylinder volume changes. If this latter problem could be remedied by keeping the piston stationary at tdc while combustion took place and then moving it down on the power stroke when all is burned, the imep and power would increase by some 50%. […] I would actually encourage the world's inventors to keep on trying to accomplish this ic-engine equivalent of the ‘search for the Holy Grail’.”

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Benefits of constant volume combustion

“Toward the Development of a Thermodynamic Fuel Cell”, Peter Van Blarigan, Scott Goldsborough, Sandia National Laboratories. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, Merit Review and Peer Evaluation, May 19 19-22, 2003

Combusting under Constant Volume (100% combustion at “Top Dead Center” position) yields 50% improvement in thermodynamic efficiency over standard Diesel Cycle (!!)

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Benefits of constant volume combustion

“Toward the Development of a Thermodynamic Fuel Cell”, Peter Van Blarigan, Scott Goldsborough, Sandia National Laboratories. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, Merit Review and Peer Evaluation, May 19 19-22, 2003

Over-expansion yields Additional 30% improvement

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Cycle comparison

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

‘X’ Engine Architecture

For video animation showing operation, see: https://vimeo.com/64911927

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Wankel Engine

  • Low compression ratio
  • Constant-volume combustion
  • No over-expansion
  • Poor lubrication / emissions

LPI Engine

  • High compression ratio
  • Constant-volume combustion
  • Over-expansion
  • Direct lubrication of seals
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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Wankel Engine

  • High surface area combustion chamber,

incomplete combustion  CO + HC emissions

  • Oil mixed with charge; charge + oil leaks

 HC emissions LPI Engine

  • Low surface area combustion

chamber, long combustion process  complete combustion

  • Seals are directly lubricated through

housing, no oil/charge mix

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

70cc “X Mini” SI, vs 750 cc “X-4” CI engines

  • X-Mini = Spark Ignited air-

cooled engine, 40 bar cylinder pressure

  • 3x19 cc, 3-5 hp, 18-20% BTE
  • TRL 5-6
  • X-4 = Compression Ignited

liquid-cooled engine, 120+ bar pressure

  • Target: 30kW, 45% BTE
  • TRL 4

X-Mini X-4

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

70 cc X-Mini engine

https://vimeo.com/170502635

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

First X-Mini Application

2 kWe hybrid electric power supply for M777 Howitzer Funded under Rapid Innovation Fund award through PM-TAS

Artist rendering of “Compact Artillery Power System”

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

2 kW generator “breadboard”

Engine Initial testing at HDT Global

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

X-4 Motivation

  • Program Goals (long term

targets):

  • 30kW CI Diesel X engine
  • 10” box, < 40lbs
  • 45% Brake Thermal

Efficiency

  • Today: high pressure

capability proven; liquid cooling system is working;

  • Near term target: 40%

indicated efficiency, 30kW power from engine “core”

AMMPS MEP1060 30kW generator 2215 lb today LPI “X-4” generator: <200 lb

Artist rendering

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

1D modeling (GT Power) 45% efficiency possible from .75L Rotary X Engine

Case No.

1 4

Burn Duration

66 44

Start Of Combustion timing

  • 30
  • 16.5

Leak areas (mm2)

2.5 1.5

Friction

8.3% of fuel 7.8% of fuel

Heat transfer

27.9%

  • f fuel

16.5%

  • f fuel

Pumping loss

1.80%

  • f fuel

1.66%

  • f fuel

Geometric Compression Ratio

22 24

720 Indicated Thermal Efficiency

38.10% 45.50%

Brake power (kW)

24.5 32.8

PCP (bar, absolute)

88 108

Average cylinder P (bar)

8.52 9.46

Engine Speed (RPM)

7000 7000

Based on scaled up model of X-Mini

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

X4 Design

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

X4 - Hardware

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Initial testing

  • AC Motoring dyno
  • NI / Drivven DAQ / Controls
  • In-cylinder pressure; temperature;

torque; etc.

  • X4 is a prototype “engine core”,

e.g. “long block”

  • Lubrication off-board
  • Water cooling jacket / oil-

cooled rotor

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

High peak pressure achieved – design goal was 120 bar

IDI type combustion, 26:1 compression ratio Naturally aspirated

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Low cycle-cycle variability (COV

  • f IMEP =.4%)
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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Preliminary DI experiments

MOTORING vs FIRING CR = 21 Cold engine (67C) Lambda 2.8 Efficiency 31%

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Future applications

  • LPI’s future interests are to develop a 150-200kW class engine
  • Vehicle propulsion / hybrid electric propulsion based on 30kW

engine

  • APU’s

Figure : X Artist rendering of an X engine powered all- terrain vehicle

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Summary

  • .070 L “X Mini” engine shows multi-fuel operation, high power density,

simple and low part count

  • Long term goals: 3.7 kW, 25% BTE (330 g/kWh), 6” box, weight of 5 lbs.
  • .75L “X4” prototype “core” engine has been built  pushes the efficiency

and power density envelope for engines

  • Long term goals: 30+kW of power, 45% BTE (185 g/kWh), fit in 10” box, weight of 40 lbs.
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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Thank you!

Alec Shkolnik, PhD LiquidPiston, Inc. 1292a Blue Hills Ave., Bloomfield, CT 06002 860-838-2677 as@liquidpiston.com

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Power & Mobility

8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.