& Mobility COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH EFFICIENCY ROTARY ENGINE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Power & Mobility COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH EFFICIENCY ROTARY ENGINE FOR GENERATOR, APU, AND RANGE- EXTENDED ELECTRIC VEHICLES Alexander Shkolnik, PhD (Presenting Author) Nikolay Shkolnik, PhD, Jeff Scarcella, Mark Nickerson, Alexander Kopache, Kyle Becker, Michael Bergin, PhD, Adam Spitulnik, Rodrigo Equiluz, Ryan Fagan, Saad Ahmed, Sean Donnelly, Tiago Costa 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & Outline Mobility • Introduction • High Efficiency Hybrid Cycle (HEHC) overview • X4 engine overview • Design considerations • Preliminary results • Applications The “Old Way” The “New Way” This research was, in part, funded by the U.S. Government. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Motivation: Seeking Power AND Power & Mobility Efficiency LiquidPiston addresses a technology whitespace - there are currently no engines that are both highly efficient, and very power dense 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power Reimagined: it starts with Power & Mobility physics + Advanced Thermodynamic Cycle New Rotary Engine Architecture 30% more 10x smaller & Near zero 2x quieter efficient lighter vibration 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Thermodynamics: Overview of P- Power & Mobility V diagram 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Thermodynamics: Overview of P- Power & Mobility V diagram Want to “Stretch” this curve to maximize power and efficiency 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & 50% Thermal efficiency engines Mobility “ If technology could be applied to all US Truck and Auto engines, oil consumption could be reduced by 1/3 = oil imports from Persian Gulf “ Slow speed of engine, at 102 RPM, gives plenty of time for mixing and burning of fuel while piston is near Top Dead Center position. Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel is the most powerful and efficient prime- mover in the world. Bore 38”, 1820 L, 7780 HP/ Cyl at 102 RPM http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/deer_2009/session1/deer09_reitz.pdf , Slide # 28 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Benefits of constant volume combustion // Power & Mobility Gordon P. Blair “[a piston] engine cannot conduct combustion at constant volume … because a real burning process takes time, the piston keeps moving, and the cylinder volume changes. If this latter problem could be remedied by keeping the piston stationary at tdc while combustion took place and then moving it down on the power stroke when all is burned, the imep and power would increase by some 50% . […] I would actually encourage the world's inventors to keep on trying to accomplish this ic-engine equivalent of the ‘search for the Holy Grail’.” 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Benefits of constant volume Power & Mobility combustion Combusting under Constant Volume (100% combustion at “Top Dead Center” position) yields 50% improvement in thermodynamic efficiency over standard Diesel Cycle (!!) “Toward the Development of a Thermodynamic Fuel Cell”, Peter Van Blarigan, Scott Goldsborough, Sandia National Laboratories. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, Merit Review and Peer Evaluation, May 19 19-22, 2003 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Benefits of constant volume Power & Mobility combustion Over-expansion yields Additional 30% improvement “Toward the Development of a Thermodynamic Fuel Cell”, Peter Van Blarigan, Scott Goldsborough, Sandia National Laboratories. Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program, Merit Review and Peer Evaluation, May 19 19-22, 2003 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & Cycle comparison Mobility 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & ‘X’ Engine Architecture Mobility For video animation showing operation, see: https://vimeo.com/64911927 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & Mobility Wankel Engine LPI Engine • Low compression ratio • High compression ratio • Constant-volume combustion • Constant-volume combustion • No over-expansion • Over-expansion • Poor lubrication / emissions • Direct lubrication of seals 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & Mobility LPI Engine Wankel Engine • Low surface area combustion • High surface area combustion chamber, chamber, long combustion process incomplete combustion  CO + HC  complete combustion emissions • Seals are directly lubricated through • Oil mixed with charge; charge + oil leaks housing, no oil/charge mix  HC emissions 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

70cc “X Mini” SI, vs 750 cc “X - 4” CI Power & Mobility engines • X-Mini = Spark Ignited air- cooled engine, 40 bar cylinder pressure • 3x19 cc, 3-5 hp, 18-20% BTE • TRL 5-6 • X-4 = Compression Ignited liquid-cooled engine, 120+ bar pressure • Target: 30kW, 45% BTE X-Mini X-4 • TRL 4 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & 70 cc X-Mini engine Mobility https://vimeo.com/170502635 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & First X-Mini Application Mobility 2 kWe hybrid electric power supply for M777 Howitzer Funded under Rapid Innovation Fund award through PM-TAS Artist rendering of “Compact Artillery Power System” 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & 2 kW generator “breadboard” Mobility Engine Initial testing at HDT Global 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & X-4 Motivation Mobility • Program Goals (long term targets): Artist rendering • 30kW CI Diesel X engine • 10” box, < 40lbs • 45% Brake Thermal Efficiency • Today: high pressure capability proven; liquid cooling system is working; AMMPS MEP1060 30kW LPI “X - 4” generator 2215 lb today generator: <200 lb • Near term target: 40% indicated efficiency, 30kW power from engine “core” 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

1D modeling (GT Power) Power & 45% efficiency possible from .75L Rotary X Mobility Engine Based on scaled up model of X-Mini Case No. 1 4 Burn 66  44  Duration Start Of -30  -16.5  Combustion timing Leak areas 2.5 1.5 (mm 2 ) 8.3% of 7.8% of Friction fuel fuel 27.9% 16.5% Heat transfer of fuel of fuel 1.80% 1.66% Pumping loss of fuel of fuel Geometric 22 24 Compression Ratio 720  Indicated 38.10% 45.50% Thermal Efficiency Brake power 24.5 32.8 (kW) PCP (bar, 88 108 absolute) Average 8.52 9.46 cylinder P (bar) Engine 7000 7000 Speed (RPM) 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & X4 Design Mobility 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & X4 - Hardware Mobility 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & Initial testing Mobility • AC Motoring dyno • NI / Drivven DAQ / Controls • In-cylinder pressure; temperature; torque; etc. • X4 is a prototype “engine core”, e.g. “long block” • Lubrication off-board • Water cooling jacket / oil- cooled rotor 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

High peak pressure achieved – design Power & Mobility goal was 120 bar IDI type combustion, 26:1 compression ratio Naturally aspirated 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Low cycle-cycle variability (COV Power & Mobility of IMEP =.4%) 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

Power & Preliminary DI experiments Mobility MOTORING vs FIRING CR = 21 Cold engine (67C) Lambda 2.8 Efficiency 31% 8/21/2018 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.