Mikhail Korjik Korjik-INSTR 2017 1 Demand for the radia,on - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Limits of Scin,lla,on Materials For Future Experiments at High Luminosity LHC and FCC

Mikhail Korjik

Korjik-INSTR 2017 1

Demand for the radia,on tolerant detec,ng materials and designs

• LHC with high luminosity starts in 2025
• FCC became an aEracFve strategy for future

study in HEP

There is a crucial demand for radiaFon resistant materials surviving in a complex irradiaFon environment ( electromagneFc + charged and neutral hadrons )

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Have scin,lla,on materials a chance to be applied in new designs?

• Inorganic crystalline materials
• Composite inorganic/organic materials
• Light materials (inorganic and organic)
• Induced radio-isotopes in scin,llators
• Addressing to ,me resolu,on
• Effects prior to scin,lla,on
• Concluding remarks

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Irradiation environment at collider experiment. Case of CMS at LHC.

Korjik-INSTR 2017 4 Energy spectrum of ionizing radia,on In collider experiment ( example of CMS at LHC) Fluence of protons in different parts of the CMS detector at different luminosity

20S-1 500S-1 3000S-1

5

Energy resolution:

c E b E a E

E

⊕ ⊕ = σ

stochastic noise constant terms

Interconnection of the scintillator Light Yield (LY) and energy resolution of electromagnetic homogeneous calorimetric detector LY a 1 ~

LY b 1 ~

( ) z

z LY LY c δ ∂ ∂ 1 ~

Essen,al effects to change LY ϒ-quanta Charged hadrons Neutral hadrons

1

Change of the thermodynamic equilibrium due to creaFon of colour centers

✔ ✔ ✔

2

CreaFon of new defects and dedicated colour centers

+/- ✔ ✔

3

CreaFon of non recoverable damages

✔ ✔

4

Change of the material composiFon due to nuclear reacFons (radio isotopes and fragments)

✔ ✔

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Systema,c study of the radia,on damage effect in inorganic scin,lla,on materials

1. Korzhik M, Barysevich A, Dormenev V, Mechinski V, Missevitch O, Fedorov A (2010) On the radiaFon hardness of the opFcal properFes of scinFllaFon crystals under high energy protons. Proceedings of the NaFonal academy of sciences of Belarus 54: 53–57 (in Russian) 2. Barysevich A, Dormenev V, Korjik M et al (2013) SFmulaFon of RadiaFon Damage Recovery of Lead Tungstate ScinFllaFon Crystals OperaFng in a High Dose-Rate RadiaFon E IEEE Trans on Nucl Sci 60: 1368–1372 3. Auffray E. et al (2011) Experimental Study of the Lead Tungstate ScinFllator Proton-Induced Damage and Recovery. Proc. SCINT 2011, Giessen, Germany, 11-16 September 2011 4. Auffray E, Barysevich A, Fedorov A, Korjik M, Koschan M, Lucchini M, Mechinski V, Melcher CL, Voitovich A (2013) RadiaFon damage of LSO crystals under γ- and 24 GeV protons irradiaFon. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A721: 76–82 5. Barysevich A, Korjik M, Singovski A et.al., (2013) RadiaFon damage of heavy crystalline detector materials by 24 GeV protons, Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A701: 231–234 6. Dormenev V, Korjik M, Kuske T, Mechinski V, Novotny RW (2013) Comparison of radiaFon damage effects in PWO crystals under 150 MeV and 24 GeV high fluence proton irradiaFon. Proceedings SCINT 2013, Shanghai, China, 15-19 April 2013 7. Brinkman K-T, Borisevich A, Dormenev V, Kalinov V, Korjik M et al (2014) RadiaFon damage and Recovery of medium heavy and light inorganic Crustalline, Glass and Glass Ceramic materials ager IrradiaFon with 150 MeV protons and 1.2 MeV gamma-rays. Presented at IEEE 2014 NSS and MIC Conference, October 2014, USA 8. Auffray E, Korjik M, Singovski A (2012) Experimental Study of Lead Tungstate ScinFllator Proton-Induced Damage and Recovery. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 59: 2219–2223 9. Auffray E, Fedorov A, Korjik M, Lucchini M, Mechinski V, Naumenko N, Voitovich A (2014) RadiaFon Damage of Oxy-Orthosilicate ScinFllaFon Crystals Under Gamma and High Energy Proton IrradiaFon. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 61: 495–500 10. Auffray E, Fedorov A, Korjik M, Kozlov D, Lucchini M, Mechinski V (2013) The impact of proton induced radioacFvity on the Lu2SiO5:Ce, Y2SiO5:Ce scinFllaFon detectors. Approved for oral presentaFon at Nucl. Sci. Sump. and Med. Imag. Conf., Seul, Korea, 27 Oct. 2013 11. Borisevich A, Dormenev V, Korjik M, Kozlov D, Mechinskuy V, Novotny RW (2015) OpFcal transmission radiaFon damage and recovery sFmulaFon

• f DSB:Ce3+ inorganic scinFllaFon materials. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 587: 012063

12. Auffray E, Akchurin N, Benaglia A et al (2015) DSB:Ce3+ scinFllaFon glass for future. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 587: 012062

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List of the scin,lla,on materials studied

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ϒ-quanta 60Co(1.22MeV), absorbed doses 10-2000Gy 24 GeV & 150 MeV protons reactor neutrons PWO, PWO-II LSO:Ce(LYSO:Ce) LuAG:Ce BSO PbF2 BaF2 GSO:Ce YSO:Ce YAG:Ce(Pr) YAP:Ce (Pr) DSB:Ce(glass and glass- ceramics) Y2O3 (micro-ceramics) LiF PWO, PWO-II LSO:Ce(LYSO:Ce) LuAG:Ce BSO PbF2 BaF2 GSO:Ce YSO:Ce YAG:Ce(Pr) YAP:Ce (Pr) DSB:Ce(glass and glass ceramics) Y2O3 (micro-ceramics) LiF PWO, PWO-II plas,cs

Similarity and difference of the colour centres created under ϒ-quanta and hadrons

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I I V V Point defects due to crystal growth Stars created by fission products Point defects and their clusters which are created by knocked ions

• VA
• VC
• IntersFFal

sites

Van Lint 1980 M.Humenen 2001 L.T.Chadding, 1965

!

Set of isotopes iden,fied in PWO crystal : measured ac,vity 4 months ager irradia,on and the extrapolated values at 24 h and 7 months ager the end of irradia,on.

Shig of absorp,on spectrum cutoff ager irradia,on with protons is a general property of the damage op,cal transmission damage in a heavy inorganic materials

5 10 15 20 25 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 dk,m-1 Energy, eV PWO edge PWO BSO PbF2 PbF2 edge BSO edge Cutoff of fundamental absorption of PWO, BSO and PbF2 and the proton irradiation-induced absorption spectra after Integral fluence 3 ⋅ 1013p/cm2

Heavy self activated scintillators and Cherenkov radiators

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Laser beam scahering in a PWO crystal ager proton irradia,on and thermal treatment

Ager irradia,on

50oC 50oC 100oC 80oC

Recoverable and unrecoverable damage of the op,cal transmission in PWO crystals under irradia,on with 24GeV protons(3,6x1013p/cm2)

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!

!

Spontaneous Thermally s,mulated

Non recoverable part of the transmission which is caused by unrecoverable defects

Recoverable part of the transmission which is caused by single defects and clusters

Comparison of damage of light and medium inorganic crystalline, glass and glass ceramic materials ager irradia,on with 150MeV protons and ϒ- irradia,on

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• 10

10 30 50 70 90 110 230 330 430 530 630 730 830 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 Transmittance, % wavelength, nm

• 0.5

0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 200 400 600 800 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm

• 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 380 480 580 680 780 880 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm 5 10 15 20 25 30 380 480 580 680 780 880 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm

• 5.0

5.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 85.0 95.0 105.0 115.0 245 345 445 545 645 745 845 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm 20 40 60 80 200 400 600 800 Transmittance, % wavelength, nm

DSB:Ce glass ceramics DSB:Ce glass LuAG:Ce YAG:Ce BaF2 Induced absorpFon in several inorganic scinFllaFon materials:

• ager ϒ- irradiaFon (60Co, 1,2 MeV, 100Gy),
• in 3 months ager 150 MeV proton irradiaFon
• repeated ϒ- irradiaFon

Colour centers in the wide band gap oxide materials suitable for doping with Ce

Korjik-INSTR 2017 12 20 40 60 80 100 120 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 dk, m-1 Energy, eV

Sum of bands Center1 Center4 Center5 Center3 Center2 Experimental curve Shift of cutoff

Luminescence

LSO-undoped

Proton irradiaFon induced absorpFon spectrum and its approximaFon with set of Gaussians

Colour centers in wide band gap oxide materials suitable for doping with Ce

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• 70
• 20

30 80 130 180 230 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 Radiation induced coefficient, m-1 Energy, eV

C1 = 1.69 eV w1 = 0.45 eV A1= 3.7 m-1 C6 = 3.22 eV w6 = 0.54 eV A6= 42.0 m-1 C2 = 2.58 eV w2 = 0.31 eV A2= 16.2 m-1 C8 = 3.70 eV w8 = 0.26 eV A8= 25.9 m-1 C7 = 3.35 eV w7 = 0.17 eV A7= - 68.3 m-1 C9 = 4.04 eV w9 = 0.48 eV A9= 90.1 m-1 C10 = 5.00 eV w10 = 0.91 eV A10= 210.3 m-1

Sum Experimental

Proton-irradia,on-induced absorp,on spectrum of YAG sample and its approxima,on by a set of Gaussian type bands.

YAG-undoped

Luminescence band

YAG:Ce scin,llator versus YAG:Ce based composite

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Prerequisites for damage under protons- secondary par,cles (EXFOR и ENDF data bases)

Challenge : Any polymerized organics will be damaged under high energy hadron irradiaFon . No plasFc or polymerized glue may be survived in a high fluence of hadron irradiaFon, parFcularly in a high pseudorapidity regions. .

15 7Be radio-isotope was

clearly detected in 4 months ager irradia,on by Ge detector in EJ260 Fragments of the nuclear reacFons and secondaries destroy polymer matrix

Lightweight of the material does not mean tolera,ng to proton irradia,on

Lightweight of the material does not mean tolera,ng to proton irradia,on

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100 200 300 400 500 600 700 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm

Comparison of induced absorp,on in LiF crystal ager irradia,on with 150MeV protons (green ) and ϒ- irradia,on (red) Comparison of induced absorp,on in EJ260 plas,c ager irradia,on with 150MeV protons

Set of the radio-isotopes generated in some inorganic scin,lla,on crystals ager irradia,on with 24GeV protons with fluence 3*1013 p/cm2

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43.2 GeV/ (s⋅cm3) from β+γ emihers 6.4 GeV/(s⋅cm3) from β+γ emihers

Total energy, deposited in 1cm3 by induced radioisotopes

Lightweight of the material brings less radio-isotopes

Long-lived radioisotopes generated in absorbing materials (Pb or W) ager irradia,on by 24GeV protons with fluence 3*1013 p/cm2

Pb plate(25*25*3mm3)

Dominating Isotope : 121Te

W plate(25*25*3mm3)

Dominating Isotopes : 169Yb, 175Hf,

127Xe

Isotopes measured in Pb and W plates 6 months after irradiation with protons. This set can be used as a starting point to simulate set of short-living isotopes.

18 Korjik-INSTR 2017

Expected contribu,on of different damage effects in deteriora,on of the scin,lla,on material proper,es at their opera,on in a high dose rate irradia,on environment with a strong energe,c hadron component

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Energy deposit due to pairs crea,on in an ini,al part

• f the shower development

GEANT4 simula,on of the 100GeV e- interac,on with virtually sliced LSO:Ce scin,llator. ( 10 slices of 3mm long wafers,

each wafer is equivalent to 10 ps of parFcle flight)

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

N, photons Deposited energy, MeV Time, ps dE, MeV per 1 e- N, photons

Shower beginning

Deposited energy per parFcle. It is averaged for 3000 Incident parFcles.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Error, % time, ps RelaFve error of the amplitude measurement at the beginning of the 100 GeV electron shower development +/-10% is reachable at 30ps with scin,llator like LSO:Ce

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The scin,llator Internal Time Resolu,on (ITR) at registra,on of 100GeV electrons

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Error, % time, ps

Rela,ve Error of Time measurements. Absolute Error of Time Measurements (AET).

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 50 100 Absolute error, ps ,me, ps

Time resoluFon FWHM is 2,3*AET. AET~Time interval at 8-9 ps.

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Induced phosphorescence and induced radioluminescence due to radioisotopes in the crystal contribute to noise terms of Fme resoluFon: σt degradaFon in proton irradiated LSO:Ce bulk crystal with volume 300 cm3 (25Xo)

LSO YSO 𝛕tscint: Pure photosta0s0cs

tscint: Pure photosta0s0cs

𝛕tphos: Induced phosphorescence

tphos: Induced phosphorescence

𝛕tradio: Radioluminescence from

tradio: Radioluminescence from

induced radioisotopes

tradiol tphos tsc t

σ σ σ σ ⊕ ⊕ =

int

Noise terms

Effect of phosphorescence & induced radio-luminescence due to radioisotopes on the ,me resolu,on

Time resolu,on σt

• f a scin,llator:

Alterna,ve solu,on. Two–photon

absorp,on probing of the radia,on excited media

23

ElasFc polarizaFon of the dielectric due to the local lamce distorFon caused by the displacements of electrons and holes generated by the ionizaFon.

This local distorFon in the lamce results in redistribuFon of the density of states (DOS) of electron in the conducFon band in close vicinity of the hole.

The key feature of the elasFc polarizaFon: short response Fme Fragment of track of the ionizing parFcle SpaFal separaFon of holes and electrons leads to creaFon of electric field which distortscrystal lamce.

DOS

CB VB

10–14 sec 10–12 sec t

• One-photon absorp,on is not convenient to explore changes

in the DOS due to strong absorpFon of single photons via electronic transiFons between valence and conducFon bands.

• Two-photon absorp,on becomes preferable due to change
• f the selecFon rules for interband transiFons

electron hole

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Two–photon absorp,on in PWO

24

• 5

5 10 15

• 0,02

0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12

ΔD Δt, ps 420 nm

Two photon(2,97+3.16eV) absorpFon in 1 cm thick PWO .

Experimental bench for 2 photon absorpFon measurements

VB CB

394 nm pump

probe

300 400 500 600 700 800 1 10

22 118(3) 44 18(23)

α (cm

• 1)

Wavelength (nm)

Pump

Wavelength, nm

• E. Auffray, O.Buganov et al., New detecFng

techniques for future calorimetry, Journal

• f Physics: Conf. Series 587(2015) 012056

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Spectra of differen,al op,cal transmihance in PWO induced by 500 mJ/cm2 pump at 395 nm

25 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 450 500 550 600 650 700 450 500 550 600 650 700 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 450 500 550 600 650 700 450 500 550 600 650 700 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

ΔD

• 1 ps

(a) 0 ps (b) 0.1 ps (c) 0.2 ps (d) 0.3 ps (e)

Wavelength (nm)

0.4 ps (f)

Pump polarized along the crystal axis b (blue lines) and polarized at 75° to the crystal axis b (red lines) under (dashed lines) and without (solid lines) gamma irradiaFon. Delays of probe pulse are indicated.

• E. Auffray, O. Buganov, M. Korjik, A. Fedorov, S. Nargelas, G. Tamulai,s, S. Tikhomirov, A. Vaitkevicius,

Applica,on of two-photon absorp,on in PWO scin,llator for fast ,ming of interac,on with ionizing radia,on, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Sec,on A, 2015.

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Kine,cs of differen,al absorp,on in PWO scin,lla,on crystal for 394(3.17eV) nm pump at different probe wavelengths.

26

Leading edge of the differenFal absorpFon is limited by laser pulse shape rather than by material properFes

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27

Absorber Fiber

EmiEer & Pulse analyzer

Fme, ns 20

burst bunch

• f laser

pulses

Arrival to detector Fme, ps 1ps

• 1. Fibers can have different

refrac,on index to control light speed

• 2. Fibers can be also

scin,lla,ng

• 3. Registra,on can be

managed in a regime

• f standing or

travelling wave The light propaga,ng along the scin,lla,on crystal and reflected from the front face

• f the crystal could be used to observe the two-photon absorp,on.

How it may be implemented in the detec,ng cells

The second harmonic of their radia,on can be used to produce the light in the wavelength range of 500-530 nm, which is op,mal for PWO.

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• Conclusions. Damage

1. Irradia,on with charged hadrons produces a sort of the damage of the

• rdered structure (crystalline or polymer) which is different from those

which is produced by gamma-quanta irradia,on. 2. Heavy self-ac,vated materials, ac,vely developed earlier for electromagne,c calorimetry and HEP applica,ons, are most vulnerable in terms of the damage effects from high-energy protons. Fluence of the order of 1.1014p/cm2 seems to be the limi,ng value for the use of such crystals as PWO in homogeneous calorimeters. 3. Medium heavy self-ac,vated materials have an advantageous combina,on of damage effects. The most extensively studied material - YAG:Ce, has demonstrated the least damage of op,cal transmihance under 24GeV of all studied crystals. YAG:Ce also is the best material combining good radia,on hardness and commercial availability. 4. Compact homogeneous calorimeters opera,ng in the vicinity of the vertex at further high luminosity collider experiments, especially in the detector near-beam region, will give way to segmented detector modules incorpora,ng small-sized middle heavy scin,lla,on elements.

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• Conclusions. Timing

1. The recently observed effects, appeared prior to scin,lla,on, might

be exploited for ,ming of the detector material interac,on with ionizing radia,on in parallel with the detec,on of scin,lla,on signal in the same material. 2. The change in two-photon absorp,on can be used to form a ,me mark to detect the ini,al moment of the interac,on of the ionizing radia,on with the detector material, while the scin,lla,on signal provides the informa,on on absorbed energy. 3. Meanwhile, the effect is quite strong in PWO and BGO and sensi,ve to the presence of ionizing radia,on.

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Acknowledgement

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Author expresses gra,tude to their colleagues from CMS, Crystal Clear Collabora,on at CERN and PANDA Collabora,on at FAIR(GSI), especially,

• E. Auffray, A. Fedorov, R. Novotny for a long ,me joint research of the radia,on

damage effects in inorganic scin,lla,on materials, V.Dormenev, V.Mechinsky, M.Lucchini, for a produc,ve joint research and fruisul discussions, A.Singovski, M.Glaser, A. Machard,V. Panov, R. Zoueusky, and A.Barisevich for assistance in the measurements. We also grateful to COST FAST and MSC RISE Intelum for support of the performed research.