Limits of Scin,lla,on Materials For Future Experiments at High Luminosity LHC and FCC Mikhail Korjik Korjik-INSTR 2017 1
Demand for the radia,on tolerant detec,ng materials and designs • LHC with high luminosity starts in 2025 • FCC became an aEracFve strategy for future study in HEP There is a crucial demand for radiaFon resistant materials surviving in a complex irradiaFon environment ( electromagneFc + charged and neutral hadrons ) Korjik-INSTR 2017 2
Have scin,lla,on materials a chance to be applied in new designs? • Inorganic crystalline materials • Composite inorganic/organic materials • Light materials (inorganic and organic) • Induced radio-isotopes in scin,llators • Addressing to ,me resolu,on • Effects prior to scin,lla,on • Concluding remarks Korjik-INSTR 2017 3
Irradiation environment at collider experiment. Case of CMS at LHC. 20S -1 500S -1 3000S -1 Energy spectrum of ionizing radia,on In collider experiment ( example of CMS at LHC) Fluence of protons in different parts of the CMS detector at different luminosity Korjik-INSTR 2017 4
Interconnection of the scintillator Light Yield (LY) and energy resolution of electromagnetic homogeneous calorimetric detector Energy resolution: a b σ E c = ⊕ ⊕ E E E stochastic noise constant terms ( ) z 1 1 1 LY ∂ a ~ c ~ b ~ δ LY LY z LY ∂ Essen,al effects to change LY ϒ-quanta Charged Neutral hadrons hadrons 1 Change of the thermodynamic equilibrium due to ✔ ✔ ✔ creaFon of colour centers 2 CreaFon of new defects and dedicated colour centers +/- ✔ ✔ 3 CreaFon of non recoverable damages ✔ ✔ Change of the material composiFon due to nuclear ✔ ✔ 4 reacFons (radio isotopes and fragments) Korjik-INSTR 2017 5
Systema,c study of the radia,on damage effect in inorganic scin,lla,on materials 1. Korzhik M, Barysevich A, Dormenev V, Mechinski V, Missevitch O, Fedorov A (2010) On the radiaFon hardness of the opFcal properFes of scinFllaFon crystals under high energy protons. Proceedings of the NaFonal academy of sciences of Belarus 54: 53–57 (in Russian) 2. Barysevich A, Dormenev V, Korjik M et al (2013) SFmulaFon of RadiaFon Damage Recovery of Lead Tungstate ScinFllaFon Crystals OperaFng in a High Dose-Rate RadiaFon E IEEE Trans on Nucl Sci 60: 1368–1372 3. Auffray E. et al (2011) Experimental Study of the Lead Tungstate ScinFllator Proton-Induced Damage and Recovery. Proc. SCINT 2011, Giessen, Germany, 11-16 September 2011 4. Auffray E, Barysevich A, Fedorov A, Korjik M, Koschan M, Lucchini M, Mechinski V, Melcher CL, Voitovich A (2013) RadiaFon damage of LSO crystals under γ- and 24 GeV protons irradiaFon. Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A721: 76–82 5. Barysevich A, Korjik M, Singovski A et.al., (2013) RadiaFon damage of heavy crystalline detector materials by 24 GeV protons, Nucl Instr Meth Phys Res A701: 231–234 6. Dormenev V, Korjik M, Kuske T, Mechinski V, Novotny RW (2013) Comparison of radiaFon damage effects in PWO crystals under 150 MeV and 24 GeV high fluence proton irradiaFon. Proceedings SCINT 2013, Shanghai, China, 15-19 April 2013 7. Brinkman K-T, Borisevich A, Dormenev V, Kalinov V, Korjik M et al (2014) RadiaFon damage and Recovery of medium heavy and light inorganic Crustalline, Glass and Glass Ceramic materials ager IrradiaFon with 150 MeV protons and 1.2 MeV gamma-rays. Presented at IEEE 2014 NSS and MIC Conference, October 2014, USA 8. Auffray E, Korjik M, Singovski A (2012) Experimental Study of Lead Tungstate ScinFllator Proton-Induced Damage and Recovery. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 59: 2219–2223 9. Auffray E, Fedorov A, Korjik M, Lucchini M, Mechinski V, Naumenko N, Voitovich A (2014) RadiaFon Damage of Oxy-Orthosilicate ScinFllaFon Crystals Under Gamma and High Energy Proton IrradiaFon. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 61: 495–500 10. Auffray E, Fedorov A, Korjik M, Kozlov D, Lucchini M, Mechinski V (2013) The impact of proton induced radioacFvity on the Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce, Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce scinFllaFon detectors. Approved for oral presentaFon at Nucl. Sci. Sump. and Med. Imag. Conf., Seul, Korea, 27 Oct. 2013 11. Borisevich A, Dormenev V, Korjik M, Kozlov D, Mechinskuy V, Novotny RW (2015) OpFcal transmission radiaFon damage and recovery sFmulaFon of DSB:Ce3+ inorganic scinFllaFon materials. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 587: 012063 12. Auffray E, Akchurin N, Benaglia A et al (2015) DSB:Ce3+ scinFllaFon glass for future. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 587: 012062 Korjik-INSTR 2017 6
List of the scin,lla,on materials studied ϒ-quanta 24 GeV reactor 60Co(1.22MeV), & neutrons absorbed doses 10-2000Gy 150 MeV protons PWO, PWO-II PWO, PWO-II PWO, PWO-II LSO:Ce(LYSO:Ce) LSO:Ce(LYSO:Ce) LuAG:Ce LuAG:Ce plas,cs BSO BSO PbF 2 PbF 2 BaF 2 BaF 2 GSO:Ce GSO:Ce YSO:Ce YSO:Ce YAG:Ce(Pr) YAG:Ce(Pr) YAP:Ce (Pr) YAP:Ce (Pr) DSB:Ce(glass and glass- DSB:Ce(glass and glass ceramics) ceramics) Y 2 O 3 (micro-ceramics) Y 2 O 3 (micro-ceramics) LiF LiF Korjik-INSTR 2017 7
Similarity and difference of the colour centres created under ϒ-quanta and hadrons Point defects due to crystal growth Stars created by fission products -V A -V C - IntersFFal sites ! Set of isotopes iden,fied in PWO crystal : measured ac,vity L.T.Chadding, 1965 4 months ager irradia,on and the extrapolated values at 24 h and 7 months ager the end of irradia,on. Point defects and their clusters which are created by knocked ions V I Van Lint M.Humenen I 1980 2001 V Korjik-INSTR 2017 8
Shig of absorp,on spectrum cutoff ager irradia,on with protons is a general property of the damage op,cal transmission damage in a heavy inorganic materials Heavy self activated scintillators and Cherenkov radiators 25 20 Cutoff of fundamental PWO absorption of PWO, BSO and BSO PbF 2 and the proton 15 edge irradiation-induced dk,m -1 absorption spectra after 10 PWO PbF2 Integral fluence 3 ⋅ 10 13 p/cm 2 edge BSO 5 PbF2 edge 0 4.4 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.4 Ager 80 o C Laser beam scahering in a Energy, eV irradia,on PWO crystal ager proton irradia,on and thermal 50 o C 50 o C treatment 100 o C Korjik-INSTR 2017 9
Recoverable and unrecoverable damage of the op,cal transmission in PWO crystals under irradia,on with 24GeV protons(3,6x10 13 p/cm 2 ) Spontaneous Thermally s,mulated ! ! Non recoverable part of the transmission which is caused by unrecoverable defects Recoverable part of the transmission which is caused by single defects and clusters Korjik-INSTR 2017 10
Comparison of damage of light and medium inorganic crystalline, glass and glass ceramic materials ager irradia,on with 150MeV protons and ϒ- irradia,on BaF 2 YAG:Ce 4.5 110 100 80 Transmittance, % 60 90 3.5 40 20 0 70 200 400 600 800 2.5 dk, m-1 wavelength, nm 50 dk, m-1 1.5 30 0.5 10 230 330 430 530 630 730 830 -0.5 200 400 600 800 -10 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm DSB:Ce glass ceramics LuAG:Ce DSB:Ce glass 15.0 30 115.0 14.0 105.0 13.0 25 80 95.0 12.0 Transmittance, % 60 11.0 85.0 10.0 20 75.0 40 9.0 65.0 20 8.0 dk, m-1 dk, m-1 15 7.0 55.0 0 dk, m-1 6.0 45.0 200 400 600 800 5.0 wavelength, nm 10 35.0 4.0 3.0 25.0 2.0 5 15.0 1.0 5.0 0.0 0 -5.0 -1.0 245 345 445 545 645 745 845 380 480 580 680 780 880 380 480 580 680 780 880 wavelength, nm wavelength, nm wavelength, nm Induced absorpFon in several inorganic scinFllaFon materials: • ager ϒ- irradiaFon (60Co, 1,2 MeV, 100Gy), • in 3 months ager 150 MeV proton irradiaFon • repeated ϒ- irradiaFon Korjik-INSTR 2017 11
Colour centers in the wide band gap oxide materials suitable for doping with Ce LSO-undoped Luminescence 120 Sum of bands 100 Shift of cutoff 80 Center1 dk, m-1 60 Center2 Center4 40 Center3 Center5 20 Experimental curve 0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Energy, eV Proton irradiaFon induced absorpFon spectrum and its approximaFon with set of Gaussians Korjik-INSTR 2017 12
Colour centers in wide band gap oxide materials suitable for doping with Ce Luminescence band YAG-undoped C10 = 5.00 eV 230 Radiation induced coefficient, m-1 w10 = 0.91 eV A10= 210.3 m -1 C9 = 4.04 eV w9 = 0.48 eV 180 A9= 90.1 m -1 Sum C8 = 3.70 eV w8 = 0.26 eV 130 A8= 25.9 m -1 C6 = 3.22 eV w6 = 0.54 eV Experimental A6= 42.0 m -1 C2 = 2.58 eV 80 w2 = 0.31 eV C1 = 1.69 eV A2= 16.2 m -1 w1 = 0.45 eV A1= 3.7 m -1 30 -20 C7 = 3.35 eV w7 = 0.17 eV A7= - 68.3 m -1 -70 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 Energy, eV Proton-irradia,on-induced absorp,on spectrum of YAG sample and its approxima,on by a set of Gaussian type bands. Korjik-INSTR 2017 13
YAG:Ce scin,llator versus YAG:Ce based composite Korjik-INSTR 2017 14
Lightweight of the material does not mean tolera,ng to proton irradia,on Fragments of the nuclear reacFons and Prerequisites for damage under protons- secondaries destroy polymer matrix secondary par,cles (EXFOR и ENDF data bases) 7 Be radio-isotope was clearly detected in 4 months ager irradia,on by Ge detector in EJ260 Challenge : Any polymerized organics will be damaged under high energy hadron irradiaFon . No plasFc or polymerized glue may be survived in a high fluence of hadron irradiaFon, parFcularly in a high pseudorapidity regions. . 15
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