MICROQUASARS MICROQUASARS I.F. Mirabel (Sap/CEA-Saclay) I.F. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

MICROQUASARS MICROQUASARS

I.F. Mirabel (Sap/CEA-Saclay) I.F. Mirabel (Sap/CEA-Saclay)

PROVIDE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON:

• The physical nature of relativistic jets seen elsewhere in the universe
• A new method to determine distances in astronomy
• The connection between accretion and ejection
• Evidence for an horizon =>

black hole NEW PERSPECTIVES:

• Determine the origin of black holes knowing the space velocity
• Determine the spin of black holes
• Ultraluminous non-nuclear X-ray sources in external galaxies
• Gain insight into the much more distant GRB afterglows

SOURCES OF HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS, PARTICLES, AND NEUTRINOS SOURCES OF HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS, PARTICLES, AND NEUTRINOS ?

QUASARS & MICROQUASARS QUASARS & MICROQUASARS

Mirabel, Rodriguez, Paul, et al. 1992

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY

Mirabel & Rodriguez, Nature, 1998

• The scales of length and time are

proportional to MBH Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ∆T α MBH

• The maximum color temperature
• f the accretion disk is Tcol α

(M/10M)-1/4

• The maximum synchrotron

frequency of cores ν α 1/MBH

QUASAR MICROQUASAR

ARE BLACK HOLES WITH MASSES IN THE RANGE OF 102- 105 Μ ?

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY

Mirabel & Rodriguez (1994) TWO-SIDED GALACTIC JETS MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN THE ONE-SIDED EXTRAGALACTIC JETS

GRS 1915+105: EJECTION EVENTS GRS 1915+105: EJECTION EVENTS

Rodriguez & Mirabel, 1999 Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994

cannonballs vs cannonballs vs fireballs fireballs

RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS

Relativistic upper limit: D < 14 kpc Relativistic upper limit: D < 14 kpc Same bulk Lorentz factors as in QSOs: 2-10

RELATIVISTIC METHOD FOR RELATIVISTIC METHOD FOR DISTANCES IN ASTRONOMY DISTANCES IN ASTRONOMY

• IF ANTISYMMETRIC, THE VELOCITY & DIRECTION OF THE JETS,

& THE DISTANCE TO THE SOURCE CAN BE FOUND.

• BUT SPECTRAL LINES SO FAR DIFFICULT TO DETECT,

EXCEPT SS 433 WHERE H, He, AND Fe LINES ARE FOUND

IF THE JETS ARE DOMINATED BY ELECTRON-PROTON PLASMA: FROM PROPER MOTIONS FROM DOPPLER FACTOR OF ION LINES

LARGE-SCALE JETS (W50/SS433) LARGE-SCALE JETS (W50/SS433)

POWERFUL JETS SEEN IN THE X-RAYS BLOWING UP THE NEBULA W50 AT DISTANCES OF 30 pc. λ20cm: (Dubner, Goss, Mirabel); X-rays (Brinkmann,Aschenbach, Kawai)

1o = 60 pc

POHOTON SPECTRA OF SUPERLUMINAL JETS

(Grove et al.)

• Association between hard X-rays and jets

with 1019-22 gr if 1 proton/electron (Mirabel & Rodriguez; Fender et al.)

• Gamma-rays may be produced in the jets

and dominate the emission above an MeV (Aharonian & Athonian, 1998, 1999) (Kaufman, Romero & Mirabel, 2002)

• TeV neutrinos may be produced in outburts

if the jets are dominated by electron-proton plasma (Levinson & Waxman, 2001).

GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS FROM MICROQUASARS

MICROBLAZARS MICROBLAZARS

(Mirabel & Rodriguez, ARAA 1999)

Due to relativistic beaming: ∆t α 1/2γ α 1/2γ2

2 ; Ι α 8γ

; Ι α 8γ3 e.g. If γ = 5, Θ < 10 Θ < 10ο

ο ⇒∆t < 1/50 and ∆I > 103

SHOULD APPEAR AS SOURCES WITH FAST AND INTENSE VARIATIONS OF FLUX ⇒ DIFFICULT TO FOLLOW AND TO FIND

First microblazar: V4641 Sgr: a BH in a HMXB Vapp>10c & γ > γ > 1 10

(Hjellming et al. 2000; Orosz et al. 2001)

20 MICROQUASARS IN THE GALAXY 20 MICROQUASARS IN THE GALAXY

(Mirabel & Rodriguez, ARAA 1999)

ULTRALUMINOUS NON-NUCLEAR X-RAY SOURCES:

Lx ~ 1040 erg/sec when Eddington limit Lx ~ MBH x 1038 erg/sec 1) CLAIMED TO BE BLACK HOLES WITH > 100 M but none discovered so far in the Milky Way ! 2) MICROQUASARS WITH BEAMED EMISSION

(Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1999; King et al. 2001)

ULXRs mostly seen in starburst galaxies ⇒ short-lived phase in HMXBs with MBH ~ 10-30 M ?

MICROQUASARS IN EXTERNAL GALAXIES ?

GRBs GRBs & MICROQUASARS & MICROQUASARS

MICROQUASARS: JETS DURING TRANSIENT ACCRETION Γ= 2-10 E < 1047 erg. RECURRENT EJECTION EVENTS GRBs: JETS DURING FORMATION OF STELLAR MASS BHs Γ = 200 E ~ 1052 erg . UNIQUE CATASTROPHIC EVENTS BUT IN THE MOST RECENT COLLAPSAR MODELS

Γ = 2-10 AT THE BASE OF GRB JETS

BH PARADIGM

UNIVERSAL MECHANISM OF JET FORMATION UNIVERSAL MECHANISM OF JET FORMATION IN MICROQUASARS, AGNs AND GRBs ? IN MICROQUASARS, AGNs AND GRBs ?

COMPACT SYNCHROTRON JETS COMPACT SYNCHROTRON JETS

In accreting black holes (e.g.: Sgr A*, Cyg X-1, XTE J1118+480, etc.) (Dhawan, Mirabel, Rodriguez)

100 AU IN LOW/HARD-STATE DIRECT SYNCHROTRON IS MORE POWEFUL IN MICROQUASARS

In conical jets: Size α ν-1 (Falcke et al. )

MICROQUASAR JETS CONTAIN ELECTRONS WITH Γ ∼ 10 Γ ∼ 107

BLACK HOLE IN THE HALO BLACK HOLE IN THE HALO

Mirabel , Dhawan , Mignani, Guglielmetti, Rodrigues (Nature, September 13, 2001)

XTE J1118+480: MBH=7 M @ l=158o b=+62o; D=1.9 kpc

wrt LSR (km/sec): U = -105 to anticenter V = -98 galactic rotation W = -21 to the plane

Vpec=150 km/sec

Proper Motions:

Radio with VLBA Optical on 43 years POSS

DRIFTING AT HIGH VELOCITY

ORBITAL MOTION OF THE BLACK HOLE

PRESENTLY FLYING THROUGH THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD

1) SHOOT FROM THE PLANE BY AN HIPERNOVA 2 ) RELIC OF A PRISTINE MASSIVE HALO STAR FORMED BEFORE THE DISK

POPULATION OF DORMANT BLACK HOLES IN THE HALO

e=0.6 ; T=40/240 Myr ; Ro=3.8 kpc ; Vpec=220 km/sec ; W=130 km/sec

Animacion

SCORPIUS X-1:

A LMXB FROM THE GALACTIC BULGE

CYGNUS X-1 & GRS 1915+105:

BLACK HOLES WITH MBH > 10 SOLAR FORM PROMPTLY

GALACTIC ORBITS OF 8 XRBs

(Mirabel & Rodigues, 2002)

CELESTIAL ARCHEOLOGY

• Black holes in the halo are the fossils of the most massive stars

formed during the early phases of evolution of the Galaxy.

• .Black holes in the halo may be the remnants of the collapsed

massive stars that produced GRBs at z~2.

• Important to test the models of black hole formation and kicks by

asymmetric supernova explosions

• Black holes and neutron stars in the halo related to:

1) a subsample of unidentified EGRET sources, 2) sources of gravitational waves (binary black holes)

UNIDENTIFIED EGRET SOURCES (>100 MeV)

1) Relics from core-collapsed SN correlated with the tilted Gould Belt (Grenier, 1998;Gehrels et al. 2000)

TWO MICROQUASARS IN THE ERROR BOX OF EGRET SOURCES:

TWO GALACTIC SUBSAMPLES: 2) Variable, soft and faint population at a scale high of ~2 kpc with a distribution of halo objects

(Grenier, 2001)

• LS 5039: A microquasar (Paredes et al. 2000)
• LSI+61 303: X-Ray faint (Harrison et al. 2000)
• Precessing microblazars (Kaufman, Romero, Mirabel, 2002)

ACCRETION AND JET FORMATION ACCRETION AND JET FORMATION

Mirabel, Chaty, Rodriguez et al. 1998

JET FORMATION DURING DISAPPEARANCE OF THE INNER DISK

EVIDENCE FOR AN HORIZON EVIDENCE FOR AN HORIZON ⇒ BLACK HOLE BLACK HOLE

∆T α MBH

QPOs IN MICROQUASARS

GRS 1915+105 (Strohmayer) (Greiner, Belloni, et al)

νmax = f(MBH, Spin) ⇒ CAN DETERMINE THE SPIN OF BLACK HOLES PROBLEM: SEVERAL GENERAL RELATIVITY MODELS Maximum fix frequencies of 40 & 67 Hz repeat ⇒ must depend on fundamental properties of black hole

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

Microquasars allow to gain insight into:

• THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS
• EVIDENCES FOR HORIZON ⇒ BLACK HOLE
• THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION DISK

INSTABILITIES AND THE FORMATION OF JETS

NEW PERSPECTIVES

• DETERMINE THE SPIN OF BLACK HOLES
• GAIN INSIGHT INTO SUPERLUMINAL X-RAY SOURCES
• GAIN INSIGHT INTO GRB AFTERGLOWS
• NEW METHOD FOR DISTANCES IN ASTRONOMY
• SOURCES OF GAMMA-RAYS AND TeV NEUTRINOS ?