Martin Braun } Background } Experiments EUT Set-up Result Power - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Postgraduate symposium on household energy consumption, technology and efficiency University of Birmingham, 6 th June 2012 Martin Braun

} Background } Experiments ◦ EUT ◦ Set-up ◦ Result – Power reduction ◦ THD } Discussion

} Interest in voltage optimisation at least since Oil Shock in 1970 (Erickson and Gilligan, 1982, Kirshner and Giorsetto, 1984, Preiss and Warnock, 1978) } Lighting investigated for domestic lighting: Incandescent and fluorescent lamps (Chen et al., 1982, Gustafson, 1981) } Voltage reduction (Trust, 2011)

} P = V x I x cos φ } From 240V ±6% (225.6V-254.4V) è 230V ±10% (207V-253V) (BSI, 2011) } P Resitor (cos φ = 1) = V 2 /R } 10% voltage reduction è ≈ 20% Power reduction

1.3 Current Lumens Power Life 1.15 1 0.85 Voltage ¡ 110% ¡ 100% ¡ reduc-on →100% →90% 0.7 Power ¡ -­‑15.9% -­‑15.1% consump-on 0.55 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 Figure 1: Characteristic curves of incandescent lamps (Wikipedia, 2012, Simpson, 2003) Light ¡output -­‑38.3% -­‑30.1%

} Fluorescent: Electronic ballast (also with inductive ballast) } CFL: 9W, 11W and 18W, 20W, 21W } LED tube: 10W and 22W } Metal halide: Electronic ballast (also with inductive ballast)

V max : 5V : 207V

No ¡ Devise ¡ Power ¡ ¡ Illuminance ¡ Remarks ¡ 1 ¡ Linear ¡fluorescent ¡-­‑ ¡induc8ve ¡ballast ¡ -­‑25% ¡ -­‑23% ¡ 2 ¡ CFL ¡20W ¡ -­‑20% ¡ -­‑7% ¡ 3 ¡ Metal ¡Halide ¡-­‑ ¡induc8ve ¡ballast ¡ -­‑19% ¡ -­‑18% ¡ 4 ¡ CFL ¡18W ¡ -­‑18% ¡ -­‑11% ¡ 5 ¡ CFL ¡21W ¡ -­‑18% ¡ -­‑14% ¡ 6 ¡ LED ¡10W ¡ -­‑8% ¡ -­‑1% ¡ 7 ¡ CFL ¡11W ¡ -­‑6.5% ¡ -­‑10% ¡ Non-­‑linear ¡ ¡ 8 ¡ Metal ¡Halide ¡-­‑ ¡electronic ¡ballast ¡ -­‑2% ¡ -­‑1% ¡ 9 ¡ LED ¡22W ¡ 0% ¡ 1% ¡ 10 ¡ Linear ¡fluorescent ¡-­‑ ¡electronic ¡ballast ¡ 0% ¡ 0% ¡ 11 ¡ CFL ¡9W ¡ +10.4% ¡ -­‑7% ¡ Non-­‑linear ¡ 12 ¡ Incandescent ¡lamp ¡ -­‑15% ¡ -­‑30% ¡ Comparison ¡ ¡ 13 ¡ Ideal ¡resistor ¡ -­‑19% ¡ N/A ¡ Comparison ¡ ¡

125% 120% 115% e (%) 110% nce Illuminanc wer, Illumina 105% Power 100% Po 95% 90% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% Volta tage (%) 9W - Power 9W - Illuminance 11W - Power 11W - Illuminance

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 35 -0.05 30 -0.1 -0.15 25 -0.2 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02 20 Lamp ¡ THD ¡ 15 Fluorescent – inductive 102.3% 10 Fluorescent – electronic 22.15% 5 CFL (18W) 347.92% 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Harmonics number LED 10W 223.51% LED 22W 251.01%

} Savings potential ◦ Up to 25% (10% voltage reduction) fluorescent with magnetic (18% (Carbon Trust, 2011, 18)) ◦ Venal et al. (2009): City-type load 16% (10% voltage reduction) } Reduction of light output è Switch on more lamps } Building vs distribution wide?

} Low power CFL ◦ Can be non linear, even increase ◦ Current THD squander power rather then conserve energy (Chapman, 2001, Khan and Abas, 2011) } Electronic ballast ◦ Voltage reduction è Increased current increases supply losses α I 2 } Research: Costs of large scale adoption of CFL (and similar electronics)

BSI 2011. BS EN 60038:2011 CENELEC standard voltages, London: BSI. CARBON TRUST 2011. Voltage management. London: Carbon Trust. CHAPMAN, D. 2001. Power quality application guide: Harmonics cause and effects, Hemel Hemstead: Copper Development Association. CHEN, M. S., SHOULTS, R., FITZER, J. & SONGSTER, H. 1982. The Effects of Reduced Voltages on the Efficiency on Electric Loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 101, 2158-2166. ERICKSON, J. C. & GILLIGAN, S. R. 1982. The Effects of Voltage Reduction on Distribution Circuit Loads. Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, PAS-101, 2014-2018. GUSTAFSON, M. W. 1981. Residential End Use Load Affected by Voltage Reduction. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100, 4381-4388. KHAN, N. & ABAS, N. 2011. Comparative study of energy saving light sources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 296-309. KIRSHNER, D. & GIORSETTO, P. 1984. Statistical Test of Energy Saving Due to Voltage Reduction. Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, PAS-103, 1205-1210. PREISS, R. F. & WARNOCK, V. J. 1978. Impact of Voltage Reduction on Energy and Demand. Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, PAS-97, 1665-1671. SIMPSON, R. S. 2003. Lighting control: technology and applications, Oxford: Focal. VINNAL, T., JANSON, K. & KALDA, H. Analysis of power consumption and losses in relation to supply voltage quality. Power Electronics and Applications, 2009. EPE '09. 13th European Conference on, 8-10 Sept. 2009 2009. 1-9. WIKIPEDIA. 2012. Lamp Rerating [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp_rerating [Accessed 01 June 2012].