Martin Braun } Background } Experiments EUT Set-up Result Power - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Martin Braun } Background } Experiments EUT Set-up Result Power - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Postgraduate symposium on household energy consumption, technology and efficiency University of Birmingham, 6 th June 2012 Martin Braun } Background } Experiments EUT Set-up Result Power reduction THD } Discussion }

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Martin Braun

Postgraduate symposium on household energy consumption, technology and efficiency University of Birmingham, 6th June 2012

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} Background } Experiments

  • EUT
  • Set-up
  • Result – Power reduction
  • THD

} Discussion

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} Interest in voltage optimisation at least since

Oil Shock in 1970 (Erickson and Gilligan, 1982, Kirshner and Giorsetto, 1984, Preiss and

Warnock, 1978)

} Lighting investigated for domestic lighting:

Incandescent and fluorescent lamps (Chen et al., 1982,

Gustafson, 1981)

} Voltage reduction (Trust, 2011)

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SLIDE 5

} P = V x I x cosφ } From 240V ±6% (225.6V-254.4V)

è 230V ±10% (207V-253V) (BSI, 2011)

} PResitor (cosφ = 1) = V2/R } 10% voltage reduction

è ≈ 20% Power reduction

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SLIDE 6

Figure 1: Characteristic curves of incandescent lamps (Wikipedia, 2012, Simpson, 2003)

0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 0.55 0.7 0.85 1 1.15 1.3 Current Lumens Power Life

Voltage ¡ reduc-on 110% ¡ →100% 100% ¡ →90% Power ¡ consump-on

  • ­‑15.9%
  • ­‑15.1%

Light ¡output

  • ­‑38.3%
  • ­‑30.1%
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SLIDE 7
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SLIDE 8

} Fluorescent: Electronic ballast (also with

inductive ballast)

} CFL: 9W, 11W and 18W, 20W, 21W } LED tube: 10W and 22W } Metal halide: Electronic ballast (also with

inductive ballast)

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SLIDE 9

Vmax : 5V : 207V

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No ¡ Devise ¡ Power ¡ ¡ Illuminance ¡ Remarks ¡ 1 ¡ Linear ¡fluorescent ¡-­‑ ¡induc8ve ¡ballast ¡

  • ­‑25% ¡
  • ­‑23% ¡

2 ¡ CFL ¡20W ¡

  • ­‑20% ¡
  • ­‑7% ¡

3 ¡ Metal ¡Halide ¡-­‑ ¡induc8ve ¡ballast ¡

  • ­‑19% ¡
  • ­‑18% ¡

4 ¡ CFL ¡18W ¡

  • ­‑18% ¡
  • ­‑11% ¡

5 ¡ CFL ¡21W ¡

  • ­‑18% ¡
  • ­‑14% ¡

6 ¡ LED ¡10W ¡

  • ­‑8% ¡
  • ­‑1% ¡

7 ¡ CFL ¡11W ¡

  • ­‑6.5% ¡
  • ­‑10% ¡

Non-­‑linear ¡ ¡ 8 ¡ Metal ¡Halide ¡-­‑ ¡electronic ¡ballast ¡

  • ­‑2% ¡
  • ­‑1% ¡

9 ¡ LED ¡22W ¡ 0% ¡ 1% ¡ 10 ¡ Linear ¡fluorescent ¡-­‑ ¡electronic ¡ballast ¡ 0% ¡ 0% ¡ 11 ¡ CFL ¡9W ¡ +10.4% ¡

  • ­‑7% ¡

Non-­‑linear ¡ 12 ¡ Incandescent ¡lamp ¡

  • ­‑15% ¡
  • ­‑30% ¡

Comparison ¡ ¡ 13 ¡ Ideal ¡resistor ¡

  • ­‑19% ¡

N/A ¡ Comparison ¡ ¡

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SLIDE 11

85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115% 120% 125% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110%

Po Power wer, Illumina Illuminanc nce e (%) Volta tage (%) 9W - Power 9W - Illuminance 11W - Power 11W - Illuminance

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0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

  • 0.2
  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Harmonics number

Lamp ¡ THD ¡

Fluorescent – inductive 102.3% Fluorescent – electronic 22.15% CFL (18W) 347.92% LED 10W 223.51% LED 22W 251.01%

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} Savings potential

  • Up to 25% (10% voltage reduction) fluorescent with

magnetic (18% (Carbon Trust, 2011, 18))

  • Venal et al. (2009): City-type load 16% (10% voltage

reduction)

} Reduction of light output

è Switch on more lamps

} Building vs distribution wide?

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SLIDE 15

} Low power CFL

  • Can be non linear, even increase
  • Current THD squander power rather then conserve

energy (Chapman, 2001, Khan and Abas, 2011)

} Electronic ballast

  • Voltage reduction

èIncreased current increases supply losses α I2

} Research: Costs of large scale adoption of

CFL (and similar electronics)

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SLIDE 16

BSI 2011. BS EN 60038:2011 CENELEC standard voltages, London: BSI. CARBON TRUST 2011. Voltage management. London: Carbon Trust. CHAPMAN, D. 2001. Power quality application guide: Harmonics cause and effects, Hemel Hemstead: Copper Development Association. CHEN, M. S., SHOULTS, R., FITZER, J. & SONGSTER, H. 1982. The Effects of Reduced Voltages on the Efficiency on Electric Loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 101, 2158-2166. ERICKSON, J. C. & GILLIGAN, S. R. 1982. The Effects of Voltage Reduction on Distribution Circuit

  • Loads. Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, PAS-101, 2014-2018.

GUSTAFSON, M. W. 1981. Residential End Use Load Affected by Voltage Reduction. IEEE Transactions

  • n Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100, 4381-4388.

KHAN, N. & ABAS, N. 2011. Comparative study of energy saving light sources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 296-309. KIRSHNER, D. & GIORSETTO, P. 1984. Statistical Test of Energy Saving Due to Voltage Reduction. Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, PAS-103, 1205-1210. PREISS, R. F. & WARNOCK, V. J. 1978. Impact of Voltage Reduction on Energy and Demand. Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, PAS-97, 1665-1671. SIMPSON, R. S. 2003. Lighting control: technology and applications, Oxford: Focal. VINNAL, T., JANSON, K. & KALDA, H. Analysis of power consumption and losses in relation to supply voltage quality. Power Electronics and Applications, 2009. EPE '09. 13th European Conference

  • n, 8-10 Sept. 2009 2009. 1-9.
  • WIKIPEDIA. 2012. Lamp Rerating [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp_rerating

[Accessed 01 June 2012].