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12/9/15 MACAW IEEE 802.11 Standard 29 Reducing Cost of Collisions q Collisions are expensive How to reduce their cost? q Reserve the wireless channel before transmitting data Send short control packets for


  1. 12/9/15 ¡ MACAW IEEE 802.11 Standard 29 ¡ Reducing Cost of Collisions q Collisions are expensive Ø How to reduce their cost? q “Reserve” the wireless channel before transmitting data Ø Send short control packets for reservation Ø Collision may occur for control packets, but they are short è è lower collision cost q Once channel reserved, data transmission (hopefully) reliable 30 ¡ 1 ¡

  2. 12/9/15 ¡ 802.11 q Each backlogged node chooses R = rand(0,CW MIN ) Ø Counts down R, while continuously sensing carrier Ø Once carrier busy, freezes countdown q Whoever reaches ZERO, transmits RTS Ø Receiver replies with CTS RTS ¡= ¡Request ¡ ¡ CTS ¡= ¡Clear ¡ ¡ To ¡Send ¡ ¡ To ¡Send ¡ M ¡ Y ¡ S ¡ RTS ¡ D CTS ¡ X ¡ K ¡ 31 ¡ 802.11 q Neighbors freeze countdown, decode RTS, CTS Ø RTS contains (CTS+DATA+ACK)_duration = T COMM Ø CTS contains (CTS+ACK)_duration = T COMM2 Ø Neighbors remain silent for NAV=min(T COMM , T COMM2 ) time RTS ¡= ¡Request ¡ ¡ CTS ¡= ¡Clear ¡ ¡ silenced ¡ To ¡Send ¡ ¡ To ¡Send ¡ M ¡ Y ¡ silenced ¡ S ¡ RTS ¡ D CTS ¡ silenced ¡ X ¡ K ¡ silenced ¡ 32 ¡ 2 ¡

  3. 12/9/15 ¡ 802.11 q Sender sends DATA, receiver sends ACK q All neighbors resume countdown on seeing ACK Ø Sender initiates new countdown R = rand(0,CW MIN ) M ¡ Y ¡ DATA ¡ S ¡ D ACK ¡ X ¡ K ¡ 33 ¡ Handling Collisions q If no CTS/ACK returns: Ø Indicates collision Ø RTS chooses new R 1 = rand(0, 2 * CW MIN ) § Exponential backoff on successive collisions: R i = rand(0, 2 i * CW MIN ) Ø If successful transmission, reset to rand(0,CW MIN ) M ¡ Y ¡ S ¡ D X ¡ K ¡ 34 ¡ 3 ¡

  4. 12/9/15 ¡ BUT IS THAT ENOUGH? 35 ¡ RTS/CTS: Hidden Terminals q Does it solve hidden terminals? Ø Assuming carrier sensing zone = communication zone RTS E F CTS A B C D E ¡does ¡not ¡receive ¡CTS ¡successfully ¡ à à ¡Can ¡later ¡ini>ate ¡transmission ¡to ¡D. ¡ Hidden ¡terminal ¡problem ¡remains. ¡ 36 ¡ 4 ¡

  5. 12/9/15 ¡ Hidden Terminal Problem q How about increasing carrier sensing range Ø E will sense signal from C and will defer transmission è è Avoids collision !! RTS E F CTS A B C D Data 37 ¡ Hidden Terminals q But what if barriers / obstructions exist? Ø E doesn’t hear C è è carrier sensing does not help ! RTS E F CTS A B C D Data 38 ¡ 5 ¡

  6. 12/9/15 ¡ Exposed Terminal q B should be able to transmit to A Ø RTS prevents this E RTS CTS A B C D 39 ¡ Exposed Terminals q B should be able to transmit to A Ø Carrier sensing makes the situation worse ! E RTS CTS A B C D 40 ¡ 6 ¡

  7. 12/9/15 ¡ 802.11 Observations q 802.11 does not solve HT/ET completely Ø Only alleviates the problem through RTS/CTS Ø Recommends larger CS zone q Larger CS zone aggravates exposed terminals Ø Spatial re-use reduces è è a tradeoff Ø RTS/CTS packets also consume bandwidth Ø Moreover, backoff mechanism is also wasteful 802.11 is still being optimized … Search for best MAC protocol is still on … 41 ¡ 7 ¡

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