LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF INTENSIVE BIOMASS HARVESTING IN BOREAL - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF INTENSIVE BIOMASS HARVESTING IN BOREAL - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF INTENSIVE BIOMASS HARVESTING IN BOREAL FOREST ENVIRONMENT Eero Kubin Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos HydroPredict 2010 Conference 20 - 23 September 2010 Prague, Czech Republic Layout Tuula Aspegren

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Metsäntutkimuslaitos Skogsforskningsinstitutet Finnish Forest Research Institute www.metla.fi

Eero Kubin

Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos HydroPredict’ 2010 Conference 20 - 23 September 2010 Prague, Czech Republic

Layout Tuula Aspegren

LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES OF INTENSIVE BIOMASS HARVESTING IN BOREAL FOREST ENVIRONMENT

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Layout Tuula Aspegren

KEY WORDS

  • INTENSIVE BIOMASS HARVESTING
  • NITROGEN CYCLE
  • GROUNDWATER QUALITY
  • BOREAL FORESTS
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  • 1. Background
  • 2. Case Kivesvaara
  • 3. Results
  • 4. New challenges
  • 5. Conclusions

Content

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  • 1. Background
  • Forests in Finland
  • Round wood

consumption since 1955

  • Use of wood for energy

and goal of use by 2020

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The world’s forests 2000

Finland belongs mainly to the Boreal Forest Zone

http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/003/X9835e/X9835e3.gif

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Roundwood consumption in Finland by category of use, 1955 – 2008

http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/tilasto/julkaisut/vsk/2009/vsk09_08.pdf

In 1955–1992, roundwood consumption for energy generation included also marginal quantities of industrial roundwood used in other consumption categories by e.g. small-sized dwellings, traffic and civil engineering. Sources: Finnish Forest Industries Federation; OSF: Finnish Forest Research Institute

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The total use of forest chips 2000 – 2009 and the goal of use by 2020

Source: Metla, Forest Statistics Information Service 2010

http://www.tapio.fi/files/tapio/Aineistopankki/Energiapuusuositukset_verkkoon.pdf

use goal

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Structure of old spruce stand in northern Finland (66o 22' N, 29o 15' S)

NEEDLES LIVING BRANCHES BRANCH SYSTEM CONES DEAD BRANCHES EPIPHYTES TOTAL BIOMASS TRUNK WOOD BARK BUSHES TOTAL BIOMASS ROOT SYSTEM TOTAL BIOMASS DWARF SHRUBS TOTAL BIOMASS HERBS AND GRASSES TOTAL BIOMASS MOSSES TOTAL BIOMASS ROOT SYSTEMS DWARF SHRUBS HERBS AND GRASSES LITTER TOTAL AMOUNT RAW HUMUS TOTAL AMOUNT TREE LAYER GROUND-LAYER VEGETATION LITTER AND RAW HUMUS 6 600 17 100 200 4 100 900 56 600 10 700 100 23 800 120 100 3 000 100 2 400 12 300 600 18 400 4 900 13 500 18 400 5,5 14,2 0,2 3,4 0,7 47,0 8,9 0,1 20,0 100,0% 16,3 0,5 13,0 66,9 3,3 100,0% 27,0 73,0 100,0% Source: Havas, P. & Kubin, E. 1983. Structure, growth and organic matter content in the vegetation cover of an old spruce forest in Northern

  • Finland. Ann. Bot. Fennici 20(2): 115-149.

Biomass kg/ha % % of total 76 12 12 100 All organic layers 156 900

Based on the doctoral thesis by Eero Kubin 1984

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Harvesting forest biomass is strongly increasing There are, however, open questions about the environmental effects, e.g. carbon flow, nutrients leaching to the groundwater and how to save site fertility

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Perspective: Forest biomass harvesting in boreal forests needs more environmental research

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  • 2. Case Kivesvaara
  • Kivesvaara research

site is located in the middle of boreal forest zone in Finland

  • Long-term ecological

research since 1974

  • Extended 2007 to include

the stump harvesting

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64o28'N, 27o33’E

Site preparation, soil and air temperature, nutrient leaching to surface water. Founded 1972 - 74 Site preparation. Nutrient leaching into the groundwater. Founded 1978 - 1985 Cleaning the sapling stand. Founded 1984 Mounding, different tree species, nutrient leaching to surface

  • water. Founded 1986

Direct seeding with different soil treatment methods 2002 Prescribed burning 2002 Lysimeters 2004 - Stump removal 2007 -

Case Kivesvaara: Groundwater research in Hautala and Pahalouhi experimental sites

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  • 3. Results
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The results are based on over 5 000 samples, from each over 10 elements were analyzed since 1985

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Leaching of nitrate nitrogen into groundwater: Hautala 1985 - 2009

Waste wood harvested

Clearcutting June 20, 1986 NO - N µg/l 3 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 800 Clearcutting, waste not collected Uncut control Year

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 200 3 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Clearcutting, waste collected Uncut control 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 800 Year

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

NO - N µg/l 3 Clearcutting June 20, 1986

Waste wood left

Cleacutting 1986 Waste wood left Cleacutting 1986 Waste wood harvested Cleacutting, waste wood left Uncut control Cleacutting, waste wood harvested Uncut control

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Leaching of nitrate nitrogen into groundwater: Pahalouhi 1985 - 2006

Waste wood harvested

Cleacutting 1986 Waste wood harvested Cleacutting 1986 Waste wood left

Waste wood left

Cleacutting, waste wood left Uncut control Cleacutting, waste wood harvested Uncut control

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No felling Groundwater well Spruce shelterwood Seed tree cutting, pine

Natural regeneration was also included 2002

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Leaching after natural regeneration is less compared with clearcutting

NO3-N µg/l

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  • 4. New challenges

and research

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New research on stump harvesting in Metla (Finnish Forest Research Institute) Financed also by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

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Project title: Ecological and silvicultural impacts of stump removal and harvesting of logging residues

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22.10.2010 22

Reseach

  • Project leader Eero Kubin, groundwater
  • Professor, Dr Anne Tolvanen, plant succession
  • Professor, Dr Hannu Ilvesniemi, carbon flow
  • Senior scientist, Dr Eila Tillman-Sutela, seed and restocking
  • Researcher, Dr Oili Tarvainen, mycorrhiza
  • Senior scientist Dr Juha Piispanen, chemical analyses
  • Assistant researher, MSc (For.) student, Tanja Murto, carbon flow,

restocking

Researh group

Other staff

  • Metsätalousinsinööri Jorma Pasanen
  • Suunnittelija Ari Kokko
  • Tutkimusavustaja Reijo Seppänen
  • Muhoksen toimipaikan laboratoriohenkilökuntaa
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Uncut forest Clearcutting Clearcutting + scalp mounding + spruce planting Clearcutting + scalp mounding + collected 70 % of logging residure + spruce planting Clearcutting + scalp mounding + collected 70 % of logging residure + stump removal, left 25 stump/ha + spruce planting Clearcutting + scalp mounding + collected 100 % of logging residure + stump removal, 100 % + spruce planting

Project layout

Block III Block I

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New iformation for forestry practice and policy makers Project objective

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Actions in Längelmäki stump harvesting study areas

Uncut forest Clear cutting Harvesting of logging residue Stump removal

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NO3-N µg/l

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Northern boreal zone Southern boreal zone

NO3-N µg/l

Preliminary results: nitrate in groundwater after stump harvesting

2007 2008 2009

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  • 5. Conclusions
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NO3-N cycle in the boreal forest. What are the effects of climate change and whole tree harvest with lifting stumps?

Natural state Conventional cutting Whole tree harvesting Deposition: Interception + + Leaching: Depends on site + + (?) Decomposition: Slow + + (?)

N-cycle N-cycle N-cycle

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  • Nitrogen leaching is increasing after cutting and
  • harvesting. Maximum, however, in Kivesvaara study site

is about 1 mg/l. EU limit value 50 mg/l.

  • Re-vegetation and stocking have important role to

minimize nitrogen leaching

  • New technology has been developed for harvesting the

stumps, but the environmental effects are still unknown

  • Nitrogen cycle in changing environment and intensive

biomass harvesting needs more research, especially long term monitoring

Conclusions

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1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Clearcutting: June 20, 1986

NO3 - N µg/l

Uncut control Waste not collected

Short monitoring 3 years

Groundwater monitoring in Hautala, Finland

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1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Clearcutting: June 20, 1986 NO3 - N µg/l

Uncut control Waste not collected

5 years monitoring

Groundwater monitoring in Hautala, Finland

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1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Clearcutting: June 20, 1986 NO3 - N µg/l

Uncut control Waste not collected

Groundwater monitoring in Hautala, Finland

Long-term monitoring 1985 - 2009

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Photo Eero Kubin Photo Eero Kubin