Language Families Ling 203 9/29/2010 Indo-European Comparison - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Language Families

Ling 203 9/29/2010

Indo-European Comparison

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

Proto-Indo-European

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

Family Tree Model (Indo-European)

Indo-European in More Detail

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanTree.svg

Romance Languages (Wave Model)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.png

Indo-European Language Family

Family Subgroup Branch Major Languages Minor Languages Indo- European Germanic Western English, German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans Frisian, Luxembourgian Northern Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Faroese Eastern (Gothic) Italic Latino- Faliscan (Latin) Romance Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian/ Moldavian Catalan, Provençal, Rhaeto- Romansch, Sardinian Celtic Brythonic Welsh, Breton (Cornwallish) Goidelic Irish, Scots Gaelic (Manx) Hellenic Greek Albanian Albanian Slavic Eastern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian Western Polish, Czech, Slovak Sorbian Southern Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian Baltic Lithuanian, Latvian Armenian Armenian Indo- Iranian Iranian Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, Tajik, Ossetian Gilaki, Mazanderani Indic Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bihari, Rajasthani, Oriya, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi, Sinhalese Bhili, Romany, Maldivian This and the following language family charts are taken from Ling 101 slides of Kenneth Hyde

Uralic, Altaic, and Afro-Asiatic Languages

Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages Uralic Finno-Ugric Finnic Finnish, Estonian, Mordvin, Udmurt, Mari, Komi, Saami (=Lappish) Ugric Hungarian, Xanty Samoyed Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, Enets Altaic Turkic Southern Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen Central Kazakh, Kirgiz, Karakalpak, Nogai Eastern Uzbek, Uigur, Salar Western Karachay, Bashkir, Tatar Bolgar Chuvash Northern Yakut, Altai, Khakas, Tuva, Shor Mongolian Khalkha (=Mongolian), Buriat, Kalmyk, Ordos Tungusic Northern Evenki, Even Southern Manchu, Oroch, Olcha, Samagir Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages Afro- Asiatic Semitic Arabic Arabic, Maltese Canaanite Hebrew Aramaic (Syriac), Aramaic, Assyrian Ethiopic Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Gurage, Harari, (Geez) Berber Tamazight, Riff, Kabyle, Shawiya, Tamahaq, Shilha Cushitic Somali, Oromo, Sidamo, Beja, Afar, Saho Egyptian (Coptic) Chadic Hausa, Gwandara, Tumak, Musey

Caucasian, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Independents

Family Subgroup Branch Language Caucasian South Georgian, Mingrelian Northwest Kabardian, Adygh, Abxaz, Abaza Northeast Nax Chechen, Ingush Dagestan Avar, Lezgi, Dargwa, Lak, Tabasaran, Tsaxur Dravidian Northwest Brahui Dravidian Proper Northeast Kurukh, Malto Central Telugu, Gondi, Kui South Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Tulu Family Subgroup Branch Language Sino- Tibetan Sinitic Bai Hokin, Bai, Tali Chinese Mandarin, Yue (=Cantonese), Wu, Xiang, Gan, Northern Min, Southern Min Tibeto- Burman Tibetic Newari, Lepcha, Central Tibetan, Magar, Rangkas, Rungchenbung Burmic Meithei, Angami, Moso, Burmese, Lisu, Maru Family Language Inde- pendent [Korean-Japanese] Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are often grouped together as a branch of the Altaic language family. This grouping, however, is still controversial. Korean Japanese Ainu [Mon-Khmer] Vietnamese and Muong are now often accepted as being members of the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austric language family. Vietnamese, Muong [Penutian] Zuñi is claimed to be a member of the Penutian branch of the Amerind language family. Zuñi [Dene-Caucasian] Basque and Burushaski are now thought by some linguists to be a member of the Dene-Caucasian language family, which includes Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian, Sino- Tibetan, and Na-Dene. Basque Burshaski

South Pacific and Pacific Rim Languages

Family Subgroup Branch Language Austric Austro- Asiatic Munda Santali, Mundari, Ho, Gorum, Juang Mon-Khmer Khmer, Mon, Palaung, Wa, Bahnar, Sedang, Khasi, Nicobarese Austro-Tai Tai Thai, Lao, Li, Mak, Yuan, Nung, Tho Miao-Yao Miao, Yao Austronesian Western Malayo- Polynesian Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Tagalog, Visayan, Malagasy, Minangkabau, Achinese, Batak, Buginese, Balinese, Ilocano, Bikol, Pampangan, Pangasinan, Igorot, Maranao, Jarai, Rhade, Cham, Chamorro, Palau Central- Eastern Malayo- Polynesian Marshallese, Gilbertese, Ponapean, Yapese, Trukese, Nauruan, Fijian, Motu, Yabim, Tolai, Maori, Uvean, Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Rarotongan, Tahitian, Tuamotu, Marquesan, Hawaiian Family Branch Language Australian Dyirbal, Iwaidja, Djingili Chukchi-Kamchatkan Northern Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Ket Southern Kamchadal Eskimo-Aleut Eskimo, Aleut

African Languages

Family Subgroup Branch Languages Niger- Congo Western Sudanic Mande Mende, Malinke, Bambara, Dyula, Soninke, Susu, Kpelle, Vai, Loma West Atlantic Fulani, Wolof, Serer, Dyola, Temne, Kissi, Gola, Balante Gur Mossi, Gurma, Dagomba, Kabre, Senufo, Bariba Kwa Yoruba, Ibo, Ewe, Twi, Fanti, Ga, Adangme, Fon, Edo, Urhobo, Idoma, Nupe, Agni, Baule, Kru, Grebo, Bassa Benue- Congo Bantu Kiswahili, Luba, Kongo, Lingala, Mongo, Ruanda, Rundi, Kikuyu, Kamba, Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Hehe, Chagga, Makonde, Yao, Ganda, Nkole, Chiga, Gisu, Toro, Luhya,Kisii, Meru, Nyoro, Nyanja, Ngala, Tumbuka, Bemba, Tonga, Lozi, Lwea, Lunda, Shona, Fang, Bulu, Yaundé, Duala, Bubi, Mbundu, Chokwe, Ambo, Herero, Makua, Lomwe, Tsonga, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Swazi, Zulu, Xhosa, Venda, Ndebele Delta Cross Efik, Ibibio Adamawa- Eastern Adamawa Mbum Eastern Zande, Sango, Gbaya, Banda Family Subgroup Branch Subbranch Languages Nilo- Saharan Eastern Sudanic Nubian Meidob, Birgid Nilotic Western Luo, Agar, Nuer, Shilluk, Lango, Acholi, Alur Eastern Teso, Karamojong, Masai, Turkana, Bari, Lotuko Southern Kalenjin, Suk Central Sudanic Sara, Mangbetu, Lugbara, Madi Saharan Kanuri, Zagawa Songhai Songhai Maban Mabang, Mimi Fur Fur, Biltine Khoisan !Kung, Nama, Sandawe, Hadza

Family Subgroup Branch Languages Na-Dene Continental Athabaskan-Eyak Navajo, Apache, Chipewyan, Carrier, Chilcotin Tlingit Tlingit Haida Haida Haida Amerind Mosan Salish Bella Coola, Lillooet, Shuswap, Okanagan, Clallam, Squamish, Coeur d’Alene Wakashan Nootka, Kwakwala (=Kwakiutl) Almosan Algongiuan Cheyenne, Cree, Ojibwa, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, Shawnee Penutian Plateau Nez Perce, Klamath, Cayuse Oregon Takelma, Tfalati, Yonkalla, Coos Mexican Huave, Totonac, Mixe, Zoque, Yucatec, Maya, Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Chol, Chontal, Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel, Kekchi Gulf Natchez, Muskogee (=Creek), Seminole (=Mikasuki), Choctaw, Chickasaw Hokan Yuman Maricopa, Mohave, Havasupai, Diegueño, Northern Shasta, Karok, Pomo Salinan (Chumash), (Salinan), (Esselen) Keresiouan Northern Iroquoian Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida Southern Iroquoian Cherokee Siouan Assiniboine, Winnebago, Omaha, Osage, Dakota, Crow Caddoan Caddo, Pawnee, Wichita Keresan Keresan Uto-Aztecan Numic Mono, Shoshone, Paiute, Comanche Taracahitic Tarahumara, Yaqui, Guarijío Aztecan Nahuatl, Pochutla, Pipil Tanoan Kiowa Kiowa, Towa Tewa-Tiwa Tewa, Taos, Isleta, Piro Oto-Manguean Otomi, Mazahua, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mazatec, Matlatzinca Chibchan- Paezan Chibchan Miskito, Lenca, Tarascan, Guaymi, Cuna, Bribri, Yanomami Paezan Colorado, Warao, Saija, Paez, Mura Ge-Pano-Carib Carib Carib, Chicão, Carijona, Japreria Ge-Pano Chulupi, Matses, Bororo, Chavante, Andean Andean Quechua, Aymara, , Araucanian, Waorani, Zaparo Equatorial Aguaruna, Tupi, Arawak, Ashaninca