IPv6, MPLS IPv6 History Next generation IP (AKA IPng) Intended - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
IPv6, MPLS IPv6 History Next generation IP (AKA IPng) Intended to extend address space and routing limitations of IPv4 Requires header change Attempted to include everything new in one change IETF moderated Based
History
Requires header change
Attempted to include everything new in one change
Based on Simple Internet Protocol Plus (SIPP)
128-bit addresses
Multicast traffic
Mobility
Real-time traffic/quality of service guarantees
Authentication and security
Autoconfiguration for local IP addresses
End-to-end fragmentation
Protocol extensions
Many of these functionalities have been retrofit into IPv4
128-bit
3.4 x 1038 addresses (as compared to 4 x 109)
Classless addressing/routing (similar to CIDR)
Address notation
String of eight 16-bit hex values separated by colons
5CFA:0002:0000:0000:CF07:1234:5678:FFCD
Set of contiguous 0’s can be elided
5CFA:0002::CF07:1234:5678:FFCD
Address assignment
Provider-based
geographic
128-bit
3.4 x 1038 addresses (as compared to 4 x 109)
Classless addressing/routing (similar to CIDR)
Address notation
String of eight 16-bit hex values separated by colons
5CFA:0002:0000:0000:CF07:1234:5678:FFCD
Set of contiguous 0’s can be elided
5CFA:0002::CF07:1234:5678:FFCD
Address assignment
Provider-based
geographic
010 Region ID Provider ID Subscriber ID Subnet Host 3 m n
125-m-n-o-p
unassigned Other Multicast address 1111 1111 Site local address 1111 1110 11 Link local address 1111 1110 10 Geographic multicast 100 Provider-based unicast 010 Novell IPX allocation 0000 010 ISO NSAP (Network Service Point) Allocation 0000 0001 Reserved (includes transition addresses) 0000 0000 Address type Prefix
e.g. fragmentation
e.g. fragmentation
TTL source address destination address
version length
ident 8 16 31 hdr len TOS flags checksum protocol pad (variable)
destination address word 4
version flow label hop limit payload length 8 16 31 priority next header source address word 1 source address word 2 source address word 3 source address word 4 destination address word 1 destination address word 2 destination address word 3
No need to parse irrelevant options
No need to parse irrelevant options
version flow label hop limit payload length 8 16 31 priority next header source address 4 words destination address 4 words
Version
6
Priority and Flow Label
Support service guarantees
Allow “fair” bandwidth allocation
Payload Length
Header not included
Next Header
Combines options and protocol
Linked list of options
Ends with higher-level protocol header (e.g. TCP)
Hop Limit
TTL renamed to match usage
Hop-by-hop options
Miscellaneous information for routers
Routing
Full/partial route to follow
Fragmentation
IP fragmentation info
Authentication
Sender identification
Encrypted security payload
Information about contents
Destination options
Information for destination
Hop-by-Hop extension
Hop-by-Hop extension
next header type value 8 16 31 length
Hop-by-Hop extension
next header type value 8 16 31 length next header 194 Payload length in bytes 8 16 31
Routing extension
Up to 24 “anycast” addresses target AS’s/providers
Next address tracks current target
Strict routing requires direct link
Loose routing allows intermediate nodes
next header # of addresses strict/loose routing bitmap 8 16 31 next address 1 – 24 addresses
Similar to IPv4 fragmentation
13-bit offset Last fragment mark (M)
Larger fragment identification field
next header
ident 8 16 31 reserved reserved M
Designed to be very flexible
Includes
Security parameters index (SPI)
Authentication data
Called encapsulating security payload (ESP)
Includes an SPI
All headers and data after ESP are encrypted
Address length
Address length
Might run out in a few decades
Less header overhead
Address length
Might run out in a few decades
Less header overhead
More overhead
Good for foreseeable future
Address length
Might run out in a few decades
Less header overhead
More overhead
Good for foreseeable future
Even more overhead
Compatible with OSI
Address length
Might run out in a few decades
Less header overhead
More overhead
Good for foreseeable future
Even more overhead
Compatible with OSI
65,535
32 hop paths are common now
In a decade, we may see much longer paths
65,535
32 hop paths are common now
In a decade, we may see much longer paths
255
Objective is to limit lost packet lifetime
Good network design makes long paths unlikely
Source to backbone
Across backbone
Backbone to destination
Greater than 64KB data
64 KB data
Removing checksum from IP is
Light and faster Unprepared for the unexpected
Typically duplicated in data link and
Very expensive in IPv4
Direct or indirect connectivity
Reconnect directly using canonical address
Use home and foreign agents to forward traffic
Direct or indirect connectivity
Reconnect directly using canonical address
Use home and foreign agents to forward traffic
Mobility introduces asymmetry
Base station signal is strong, heard by mobile units
Mobile unit signal is weak and susceptible to interference, may not be heard by base station
Security
Security
Network layer
A standard service
Application layer
No viable standard
Application susceptible to errors in network implementation
Expensive to turn on and off
Security
Network layer
A standard service
Application layer
No viable standard
Application susceptible to errors in network implementation
Expensive to turn on and off
Political import/export issues
Cryptographic strength issues
no “flag days” How will the network operate with mixed IPv4
Physical view: A B E F
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4
A B E F
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 tunnel
Logical view: Physical view: A B E F
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv4 IPv4
A B E F
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 tunnel
Logical view: Physical view: A B E F
IPv6 IPv6 IPv6 IPv6
C D
IPv4 IPv4
Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data
Src:B Dest: E
Flow: X Src: A Dest: F data
Src:B Dest: E
A-to-B: IPv6 E-to-F: IPv6 B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4 B-to-C: IPv6 inside IPv4
initial goal: speed up IP forwarding by using
PPP or Ethernet header IP header remainder of link-layer frame MPLS header label Exp S TTL
20 3 1 5
a.k.a. label-switched router forwards packets to outgoing interface based
signaling protocol needed to set up forwarding
must co-exist with IP-only routers
R1 R2 D R3 R4 R5
1
A R6
in out out label label dest interface
6 - A 0
in out out label label dest interface
10 6 A 1 12 9 D 0
in out out label label dest interface
10 A 0 12 D 0
1 in out out label label dest interface
8 6 A 0 8 A 1