IPv4 Exhaus,on And IPv6 Deployment Carlos Mar)nez @Sint-Maarten - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Carlos Mar)nez @Sint-Maarten Internet Week

IPv4 Exhaus,on And IPv6 Deployment

IPv4

• There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses (32

bits long) but not all of them can be used

• Looks like a lot, right? But... World popula)on

currently stands at just over 6 billion people

• Mobile penetra)on 87%, Internet penetra)on

35%

• We all normally use more than one IP address

(possibly 4)

• They don't seem to be that many now!

Internet Number Resource Management

IANA ARIN ISP End users LACNIC NIC.br NIC.mx ISP mx ISP #1 APNIC LIRs/ISPs RIPE NCC LIRs/ISPs AfriNIC

20 40 60 80 100 120 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

/8

Evolu)on IANA’s central pool

RIRs IPv4 Exhaus)on

Source: Geoff Huston hcp://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/

IPv4 Exhaus)on Phases

Source: h*p://www.lacnic.net/en/web/lacnic/agotamiento-ipv4

The old “normal” Pre- exhaus)on One /22 every 6 months One /22

• nce for

every new member

Current Evolu)on of LACNIC’s IPv4 Pool

Historical Facts

• 1983 Research network for ~ 100 computers
• 1992 Internet is open to the commercial sector :

– Exponen)al growth – IETF urged to work on a IP next genera)on protocol

• 1993 Exhaus)on of the class B address space

– Forecast of network collapse for 1994 ! – RFC 1519 (CIDR) published

• 1995 : RFC 1883 (IPv6 specs) published

– First RFC about IPv6

Emergent Measures

• CIDR (Classless Interdomain Rou)ng)
• Private Addresses (RFC1918)
• NAT (Network Address Transla)on)

– IPv4 Address Mul)plexing – Global IP <–> Private IP Transla)on – Global IP <–> Private IP + port (NAT-PT)

• This measures gave us )me to develop and

deploy IPv6

IPv4 exhaus)on consecuences

• The sky won’t fall and the Internet won’t stop,

but …

• It will be harder to allocate con)guous address

blocks (impact to rou)ng tables)

• IPv4 more expensive and harder to get

– IPv4 Transfers and addresses’ market (E.g. Microsop buying Nortel's legacy IP address space) – RIR’s IPv4 exhaus)on policies (i.e APNIC’s last /8, Gradual IPv4 Resource Exhaus)on) – IPv4 address alloca)on will be less equal

• Restric)ons for growth and development on

broadband and mobile networks

Possible solu)ons

• NAT (Network Address Transla)on), AKA:

– Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) – Large Scale NAT (LSN) – NAT444

• IPv6

– **The** Solu)on !

Network Address Transla)on (NAT)

• Allows sharing a single public IP address

among several devices

• Does not scale

2801::12

CGN

Home NAT

Issues with NAT

• When blocking one user's “malicious” traffic, we

also risk block traffic from many “good” users.

• In order to iden)fy which user accessed which

services logging the IP address is no longer enough, we also need to log port numbers.

• NAT “boxes” are limited in the number of

simultaneous users they can handle.

• Harder for Internet Content Providers (i.e.

geoloca)on, sessions based on IP, etc.)

• Port forwarding will become increasingly difficult

to manage for users and ISPs (big impact for gamers for example)

What is IPv6 Then ?

What is IPv6 in one Page:

u IPv6 is a Network Protocol with many more addresses than

IPv4:

340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 available addresses.

u With so many addresses we can overcome the shortage in

IPv4 supply and continuing support the growth of Internet.

u In IPv6 some tasks are simpler than in IPv4: (Auto-

configuration, Renumbering, Multicast, IP Mobility, etc.)

u IPv6 Enables Innovation. Particularly for applications

without NAT

Things that change in IPv6, And that are good to know:

u IPv6 addresses are represented by Hexadecimal numbers.

Example: 2001:DB8:12FF:1231:FFB5::F9DA/64.

u In IPv6 there is not Network Mask, only Prefix Length. u In IPv6 the header is always 40 bytes long, extensions are

listed as “next header”.

u In IPv6 there is no Broadcast, only Multicast. u In IPv6 there is no ARP or IGMP, ICMPv6 takes those jobs. u In IPv6 routers do not fragment, only Terminals. Path MTU

Discover is Mandatory.

Things that change in IPv6, that are good to know:

u IPv6 header does not include a checksum, so if designing

software, UDP checksum is mandatory.

u There are different types (reserved, unicast, multicast and

anycast) of IPv6 Addresses and different scopes (global and link-local).

u Example:2001:13c7:7002:1::1 is a Unicast Global Address.

fe80::217:f2ff:fe4d:a80e%en1 is a Link Local Address.

u Typically a host has more than one IPv6 unicast address

configured with the same or different scopes (plus the IPv4 address).

IPv4 and IPv6 dual reference stacks

Data link / physical layers Ethernet PPP HDLC

… IP (v4)‏ IP (v6)‏ TCP UDP

…

DNS SSH SMTP HTTP

…

Network layer Transport layer Application layer

IGMP ICMP ARP ICMPv6

IPv6

• 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses
• 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,76

8,211,456 IP addresses!!

• Some say that there are enough IPv6

addresses for each one of the “Sahara's desert grains of sand”.

But …

• IPv4-only devices can't “talk” with IPv6-only

devices.

• A translator is needed (addi)onal equipment,

with addi)onal cost, etc.)

• This translator device also breaks the

communica)on model.

• Both devices need to “speak” the same IP

version

Dual Stack

• The best solu)on
• Dual-stack devices can communicate with
• ther dual-stack devices and with IPv4-only

and IPv6-only devices.

Why IPv6 is important

• It is the only feasible way to grow the Internet
• It will allow the Internet to grow open and as

an engine of innova)on

• It will create new opportuni)es on:

– P2P Social-Networks, P2P Storage, P2P Clouds – Home Networking

ICAv6 – IPv6 Adop)on in Our Region

• Top

performers:

• 1. Ecuador
• 2. Brazil
• 3. Trinidad

& Tobago

• 4. Cuba
• 5. Colombia
• 6. Peru

The effec)ve deployment of the IPv6 protocol throughout the region has been one of LACNIC's constant driving forces since 2003. With this objec)ve in mind, more than 6000 technicians have received training through the various ac)vi)es that LACNIC has coordinated with the support of different stakeholders in every corner of its service region. The support provided to technical forums (FLIP6) shows the level of coordina)on and collabora)on achieved within the region, as does the work conducted with governments and other relevant bodies.

Ques)ons?

Comments?

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CASA DE INTERNET DE LATINOAMÉRICA Y EL CARIBE

Thank you!