IPv4 Exhaus,on And IPv6 Deployment Carlos Mar)nez @Sint-Maarten - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

IPv4 Exhaus,on And IPv6 Deployment Carlos Mar)nez @Sint-Maarten Internet Week

IPv4 • There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses (32 bits long) but not all of them can be used • Looks like a lot, right? But... World popula)on currently stands at just over 6 billion people • Mobile penetra)on 87%, Internet penetra)on 35% • We all normally use more than one IP address (possibly 4) • They don't seem to be that many now!

Internet Number Resource Management IANA ARIN LACNIC APNIC RIPE NCC AfriNIC ISP #1 ISP NIC.br NIC.mx LIRs/ISPs LIRs/ISPs End users ISP mx

Evolu)on IANA’s central pool 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 /8

RIRs IPv4 Exhaus)on Source: Geoff Huston hcp://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/

IPv4 Exhaus)on Phases One /22 once for One /22 every new The old Pre- every 6 member “normal” exhaus)on months Source: h*p://www.lacnic.net/en/web/lacnic/agotamiento-ipv4

Current Evolu)on of LACNIC’s IPv4 Pool

Historical Facts • 1983 Research network for ~ 100 computers • 1992 Internet is open to the commercial sector : – Exponen)al growth – IETF urged to work on a IP next genera)on protocol • 1993 Exhaus)on of the class B address space – Forecast of network collapse for 1994 ! – RFC 1519 (CIDR) published • 1995 : RFC 1883 (IPv6 specs) published – First RFC about IPv6

Emergent Measures • CIDR (Classless Interdomain Rou)ng) • Private Addresses (RFC1918) • NAT (Network Address Transla)on) – IPv4 Address Mul)plexing – Global IP <–> Private IP Transla)on – Global IP <–> Private IP + port (NAT-PT) • This measures gave us )me to develop and deploy IPv6

IPv4 exhaus)on consecuences • The sky won’t fall and the Internet won’t stop, but … • It will be harder to allocate con)guous address blocks (impact to rou)ng tables) • IPv4 more expensive and harder to get – IPv4 Transfers and addresses’ market (E.g. Microsop buying Nortel's legacy IP address space) – RIR’s IPv4 exhaus)on policies (i.e APNIC’s last /8, Gradual IPv4 Resource Exhaus)on) – IPv4 address alloca)on will be less equal • Restric)ons for growth and development on broadband and mobile networks

Possible solu)ons • NAT (Network Address Transla)on), AKA: – Carrier Grade NAT (CGN) – Large Scale NAT (LSN) – NAT444 • IPv6 – **The** Solu)on !

Network Address Transla)on (NAT) • Allows sharing a single public IP address among several devices CGN • Does not scale Home NAT 2801::12

Issues with NAT • When blocking one user's “malicious” traffic, we also risk block traffic from many “good” users. • In order to iden)fy which user accessed which services logging the IP address is no longer enough, we also need to log port numbers. • NAT “boxes” are limited in the number of simultaneous users they can handle. • Harder for Internet Content Providers (i.e. geoloca)on, sessions based on IP, etc.) • Port forwarding will become increasingly difficult to manage for users and ISPs (big impact for gamers for example)

What is IPv6 Then ?

What is IPv6 in one Page: u IPv6 is a Network Protocol with many more addresses than IPv4: 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 available addresses. u With so many addresses we can overcome the shortage in IPv4 supply and continuing support the growth of Internet. u In IPv6 some tasks are simpler than in IPv4: (Auto- configuration, Renumbering, Multicast, IP Mobility, etc.) u IPv6 Enables Innovation. Particularly for applications without NAT

Things that change in IPv6, And that are good to know: u IPv6 addresses are represented by Hexadecimal numbers. Example: 2001:DB8:12FF:1231:FFB5::F9DA/64. u In IPv6 there is not Network Mask, only Prefix Length. u In IPv6 the header is always 40 bytes long, extensions are listed as “next header”. u In IPv6 there is no Broadcast, only Multicast. u In IPv6 there is no ARP or IGMP, ICMPv6 takes those jobs. u In IPv6 routers do not fragment, only Terminals. Path MTU Discover is Mandatory.

Things that change in IPv6, that are good to know: u IPv6 header does not include a checksum, so if designing software, UDP checksum is mandatory. u There are different types (reserved, unicast, multicast and anycast) of IPv6 Addresses and different scopes (global and link-local). u Example:2001:13c7:7002:1::1 is a Unicast Global Address. fe80::217:f2ff:fe4d:a80e%en1 is a Link Local Address. u Typically a host has more than one IPv6 unicast address configured with the same or different scopes (plus the IPv4 address).

IPv4 and IPv6 dual reference stacks Application … DNS SSH SMTP HTTP layer Transport UDP … TCP layer ICMPv6 IGMP ICMP ARP Network layer IP (v4) ‏ IP (v6) ‏ Data link / … Ethernet PPP HDLC physical layers

IPv6 • 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses • 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,76 8,211,456 IP addresses!! • Some say that there are enough IPv6 addresses for each one of the “Sahara's desert grains of sand”.

But … • IPv4-only devices can't “talk” with IPv6-only devices. • A translator is needed (addi)onal equipment, with addi)onal cost, etc.) • This translator device also breaks the communica)on model. • Both devices need to “speak” the same IP version

Dual Stack • The best solu)on • Dual-stack devices can communicate with other dual-stack devices and with IPv4-only and IPv6-only devices.

Why IPv6 is important • It is the only feasible way to grow the Internet • It will allow the Internet to grow open and as an engine of innova)on • It will create new opportuni)es on: – P2P Social-Networks, P2P Storage, P2P Clouds – Home Networking

ICAv6 – IPv6 Adop)on in Our Region • Top performers: 1. Ecuador 2. Brazil 3. Trinidad & Tobago 4. Cuba 5. Colombia 6. Peru

The effec)ve deployment of the IPv6 protocol throughout the region has been one of LACNIC's constant driving forces since 2003. With this objec)ve in mind, more than 6000 technicians have received training through the various ac)vi)es that LACNIC has coordinated with the support of different stakeholders in every corner of its service region. The support provided to technical forums (FLIP6) shows the level of coordina)on and collabora)on achieved within the region, as does the work conducted with governments and other relevant bodies.

Ques)ons? Comments?

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Thank you!